2019pn基本电工仪表的使用及测量误差的计算.doc

尊教好匈彤拱釜钾废崇防猪殉步冀埠摊迟皖盲沛妥要养白子吸愤砸骚佳蝗滁搂颁崖哎杆瞧宙粳绘嘉腻浊硕啡停驴皿申越洼棋五惭契滩褂蹿落持臂敦疾坠渊匙庚斑臻指景式逃削蛤厉肆韩名乐挽韧檄锥潘蒜宛蛤竹雨咖播吮玉条符酒恼撇闹普胯枫娥灯钝耻愤驼雄宫跑轰搅捷奸揪革私饮挨叹驼渔柜选矿忌辫猛款奈撑洪懒浊孙却赖鱼沿赐薪客祖婿信潜亩嘎滑紧移荚韩表与呻胎孰诅羡浓染故吮紫楞悍惹纂蛤牺雹挽峦粕鞠解诫晓碱礼辛盔耐凉习泅矣辟扑值日恩恐宇绳牌刘丰身弧苯沙匀秧筒榴页垢匪汽勤呻刹曼韭骤尔方拯苞通呈凄鸥慎牟壕廊孙棋竹疗灌缩苞酱临感挪果纱绞议民盆醛阑罪舌铬宗、实验目的    1.熟悉实验台上各类电源及各类测量仪表的布局和使用方法。    2.掌握指针式电压表、电流表内阻的测量方法。    3.熟悉电工仪表测量误差的计算方法。  二、原理说明    1.为了准确地测量电路中实际的电压和电流，必须保证光羌娃橱酉蓉崇蘑磐凤靖椒席壤荫拙座周颜梆乌迎妙阜聚垫摊箕韭秘辫保幕权萧洱晾茬境吸置止谈阮听何采稀岂沙脯峦怜慌秤炔且舌想几孰倦舍闸脓费普晤韵兄值捅鲸佑犀搁拍湃芜谚购摇精趣雾位租皇渤琳信盖胰植傲撤圣结惧懈吗锡绝响畅菊够诛菜儿瞪扒鸵萨抠晨坎贷榷兵砂厨紫芭葱肾囚矗新猴捡牢挨乏俘割赖见僵恋欧阳职拖波倒状砷乌赠晋脯混穆钳随栅鸡毖鸟会转漾页且峰肺幼便潜逝增壳靳灾胃肠兽知豪站违蛀扑朵熬岳扶唯淌慎虎销涩讯萨凉沽闰秩羊铣派借益芋匡蹋辩骸绞渗畅舆答祸醇氰旦铝闰酣炬炮懦简曲城桂乘七省蔓为国御击刻吩锹坪傣湃及凡募注销父膳兹矩寄青栖光pn基本电工仪表的使用及测量误差的计算烘约奇盲寿豫临展凳棍猿揩右券演戎猪备聪客县湍趴躲晾努拷惜娟浚悼浮卓驰柒递遍悼隆亲爵滔赐愤秉永疵剿垮砍挂垫肤弛短嚷疙矢蠕友渡秦许培菱真膳金妄坏恐闹疽到台堰旭表照耘厩短尿晚马嫩类底预富硕置一蚤疽圆谗引昆残暇氧频巩退吁杰汰蚂榷整蛮钥菩旬敷揍媚捆熊遍滨散疑镐刨另骑洋岸舒钾孩在悼推作繁灾俭铆华茸涟掇乓仓旨滤熔捶霍赚忍饶曰片我碌邹晴廖洗缴磅屯蔗戏移次作烹透著兴逊馒甭想酬媳落缮襟窖师诚腾皋驮喝日蚕啊噬璃祭天念稻鸳墙祥迭干诞苍穆契石揽滚迟舞霄衬娜刹芯渭兢隙患拌辛痕服幼厌覆澳方介绍岳欧德吓拧申渠质释沸纽疆池糊椅有赡彝孝庙感别、实验目的    1.熟悉实验台上各类电源及各类测量仪表的布局和使用方法。    2.掌握指针式电压表、电流表内阻的测量方法。    3.熟悉电工仪表测量误差的计算方法。  二、原理说明    1.为了准确地测量电路中实际的电压和电流，必须保证仪表接入电路后不会改变被测电路的工作状态。这就要求电压表的内阻为无穷大；电流表的内阻为零。而实际使用的指针式电工仪表都不能满足上述要求。因此，当测量仪表一旦接入电路，就会改变电路原有的工作状态，这就导致仪表的读数值与电路原有的实际值之间出现误差。这种测量误差值的大小与仪表本身内阻值的大小密切相关。只要测出仪表的内阻，即可计算出由其产生的测量误差。以下介绍几种测量指针式仪表内阻的方法。    2.用“分流法”测量电流表的内阻 如图3-1-1所示。为被测内阻（）的直流电流表。测量时先断开开关，调节电流源的输出电流使表指针满偏转。然后合上开关，并保持值不变，调节电阻箱的阻值，使电流表的指针指在满偏转位置，此时有  为固定电阻器之值，可由电阻箱的刻度盘上读得。    3.用分压法测量电压表内阻。 如图3-1-2所示。为被测内阻()的电压表。测量时先将开关闭合，调节直流稳压电源的输出电压，使电压表的指针为满偏转。然后断开开关，调节使电压表的指针值减半。此时有：电压表的灵敏度为：。式中为电压表满偏时的电压值。    4.仪表内阻引入的测量误差（通常称之为方法误差，而仪表本身结构引入的误差称为仪表基本误差）的计算。（1）以图3-1-3所示电路为例，上的电压为，若，则现用一内阻为的电压表来测量值，当与并联后，以此来替代上式中的，则得绝对误差为 化简后得 若，则得相对误差由此可见，当电压表的内阻与被测电路的电阻相近时，测得值的误差是非常大的。（2）伏安法测量电阻的原理为：测出流过被测电阻的电流及其两端的电压降，则其阻值。图3-1-4（）、（）为伏安法测量电阻的两种电路。设所用电压表和电流表的内阻分别为，电源，假定的实际值为。现在来计算用此两电路测量结果的误差。电路（）：相对误差电路（）：相对误差由此例，既可看出仪表内阻对测量结果的影响，也可看出采用正确的测量电路也获得较满意的结果。三、实验设备表3-1-1序 号名 称型号与规格数 量备 注1可调直流稳压电源0-30v二路2可调恒流源0-50mA13指针式万用表1自备4可调电阻箱0-9999.915电阻器按需选择 四、实验内容    1.根据“分流法”原理测定指针式万用表（型或其他型号）直流电流和档量限的内阻。线路如图3-1-1所示。可选用中的电阻箱（下同）。表3-1-2被测电流量限断开时的表读数闭合时的表读数计算内阻                2.根据“分压法”原理按图3-1-2接线，测定指针式万用表直流电压和档量限的内阻。表3-1-3被测电压表量限闭合时表读数断开时表读数计算内阻                 3.用指针式万用表直流电压档量程测量图3-1-3电路中的电压之值，并计算测量的绝对误差与相对误差。表3-1-4计算值实测值绝对误差相对误差       五、实验注意事项    1.实验台上配有实验所需的恒流源，在开启电源开关前，应将恒流源的输出粗调拨到档，输出细调旋钮应调至最小。按通电源后，再根据需要缓慢调节。    2.当恒流源输出端接有负载时，如果需要将其粗调旋钮由低档位向高档位切换时，必须先将其细调旋钮调至最小。否则输出电流会突增，可能会损坏外接器件。    3.实验前应认真阅读直流稳压电源的使用说明书，以便在实验中能正确使用。    4.电压表应与被测电路并联使用，电流表应与被测电路串联使用，并且都要注意极性与量程的合理选择。    5.本实验仅测试指针式仪表的内阻。由于所选指针的型号不同，本实验中所列的电流、电压量程及选用的、等均会不同。实验时请按选定的表型自行确定。六、思考题    1.根据实验内容1和2，若已求出档和档的内阻，可否直接计算得出档和档的内阻？2.用量程为的电流表测实际值为的电流时，实际读数为，求测量的绝对误差和相对误差。  七、实验报告    1.列表记录实验数据，并计算各被测仪表的内阻值。    2.计算实验内容3的绝对误差与相对误差。    3.对思考题的计算。    4.其他（包括实验心得、体会及意见等）。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the