欢迎来到三一文库! | 帮助中心 三一文库31doc.com 一个上传文档投稿赚钱的网站
三一文库
全部分类
  • 研究报告>
  • 工作总结>
  • 合同范本>
  • 心得体会>
  • 工作报告>
  • 党团相关>
  • 幼儿/小学教育>
  • 高等教育>
  • 经济/贸易/财会>
  • 建筑/环境>
  • 金融/证券>
  • 医学/心理学>
  • ImageVerifierCode 换一换
    首页 三一文库 > 资源分类 > PPT文档下载
     

    辐射安全常识.ppt

    • 资源ID:3151102       资源大小:4.92MB        全文页数:45页
    • 资源格式: PPT        下载积分:6
    快捷下载 游客一键下载
    会员登录下载
    微信登录下载
    三方登录下载: 微信开放平台登录 QQ登录   微博登录  
    二维码
    微信扫一扫登录
    下载资源需要6
    邮箱/手机:
    温馨提示:
    用户名和密码都是您填写的邮箱或者手机号,方便查询和重复下载(系统自动生成)
    支付方式: 支付宝    微信支付   
    验证码:   换一换

    加入VIP免费专享
     
    账号:
    密码:
    验证码:   换一换
      忘记密码?
        
    友情提示
    2、PDF文件下载后,可能会被浏览器默认打开,此种情况可以点击浏览器菜单,保存网页到桌面,就可以正常下载了。
    3、本站不支持迅雷下载,请使用电脑自带的IE浏览器,或者360浏览器、谷歌浏览器下载即可。
    4、本站资源下载后的文档和图纸-无水印,预览文档经过压缩,下载后原文更清晰。
    5、试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。

    辐射安全常识.ppt

    ,Principles of Radiation,Industrial Studies 4020 Topics in Industrial Studies Environmental Safety Management,Atomic number Atomic mass Number of Protons ONLY Number of Protons & Neutrons (weight),C,14,12,Chemical Symbol,Atomic Mass,Atomic Number,Review,So, what is it ?,H,3,Hydrogen 3 contains one proton + two neutrons. Its a radioactive isotope of hydrogen also known as tritium,Isotopes,Same number of protons; different number of neutrons Same chemical properties Different nuclear properties,Hydrogen 1 Proton,Deuterium 1 Proton, 1 Neutron,* Tritium 1 Proton, 2 Neutrons,H,1,1,* Note: Tritium is Radioactive,H,H,2,1,3,1,Radioactivity,Atoms with too many neutrons or protons are unstable and emit energy to become more stable. Energy is carried away by a- / b-particle or x- / g-ray. These atoms are called radioactive and the process is called radioactive decay,Radioactivity,Natural Uranium Thorium Potassium-40 Carbon-14 (C-14) Hydrogen-3 (H-3) (tritium),Man made Phosphorus-32 (P-32) Sulfur-35 (S-35) Calcium-45 (Ca-45) Chromium-51 (Cr-51) Zinc-65 (Zn-65) Rubidium-86 (Rb-86) Iodine-125 (I-125),Background Radiation,mrem/yr Cosmic 27 Terrestrial 28 Inhaled 200 Internal 39 Man-made 63 Total: 357,Radiation,Microwave light bulb cell phone UV lamp radio / TV laser heat lamp x-rays,Emission / propagation of energy through space or material medium as waves or particles,Ionizing Radiation,Alpha Particles,2 Protons + 2 Neutrons Short Range in Air Not an External Hazard Internal Hazard,Beta Particles,Negligible Mass Long Range in Air Internal/External Hazard Charged,Gamma Rays/Photons,Gamma photons & X-Ray both electromagnetic differ only by place of origin No mass or charge Highly-penetrating,Neutrons,Very Long Range Very Penetrating Difficult to detect,Other modes of Decay,Positron emission Electron capture Fission Electron,Activity,Decay is a statistical process. Cannot predict when a particular atom will decay. Can predict when certain amount (%) will have decayed.,Units of Activity,Curie (Ci) 1 Ci = 37,000,000,000 dps (3.7 x 1010 dps) or 1 Ci = 2.22 x 1012 dpm Becquerel (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 dps 1 Ci = 37,000,000,000 Bq = 37 GBq (Giga Becquerel),Quantities & Units,Beta and gamma radiation about equally damaging: 1 R = 1 rad = 1 rem Alpha radiation causes greater cellular damage 1 rad of a = 20 rem,Decay Rate,Half-life, A= A0 e 0.693t/T½ A = A0 (½)# of half-lives,Non-Ionizing Radiation,Questions?,Radiation Safety,Industrial Studies 4020 Topics in Industrial Studies Environmental Safety Management,Radiation Hazards,External Hazard (exposure from outside the body) High-energy beta (i.e., energy 300 keV or 0.3 MeV) Gamma and X-rays Neutrons Internal Hazard Radioactive material enters body by eating/drinking in radiation area, by breathing vapors/aerosols, or skin absorption In body, it is treated like non-radioactive elements If not incorporated into organ, rapidly excreted and may pose only slight hazard If stored in organ, slowly excreted (effective half-life),Acute Biological Effects,Whole body, external acute exposure effects 25 rad some chromosome aberrations 50 rad minor blood changes 100 rad 2% radiation sickness 400 rad 50% die in 60 days (LD50/60) 700 rad lethal single exposure 6000 rad cancer therapy (local),Low Dose Biological Effects,ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable,Benefits outweigh risks? Lower Dose = Lower Risk,Whole body badge (TLD) Collar or Ring TLD Bioassay - thyroid (iodine) urinalysis (tritium),Monitoring Workers,Occupational Exposure Limits,Not to Exceed mrem/yr rem/yr mSv/yr 5,000 5 50 15,000 15 150 50,000 50 500 50,000 50 500,Accumulated Dose Equivalent to: Whole Body Lens of the Eye Skin of Whole Body Extremities of Whole Body - Hands, Feet, etc,General Safety Measures,TIME Exposure increases with time SHIELDING Plastic for beta Lead for gamma,DISTANCE Exposure decreases with distance v,Time vs Exposure,Increased exposure (risk) over time Linear 3 mR/hr * 4 hr = ?,Distance vs Exposure,I1d12 = I2d22,Exposure & Shielding,Thick, dense (i.e., lead) for gamma / x-rays Plastic beta Hydrogeneous (or boron + cadmium) for neutrons,No shielding needed for alpha or low-energy beta,Detectors/ Monitors,Detectors/ Monitors,1) Capable of Detecting 2) Efficiency 3) Calibration,Industrial Uses of Radiation,http:/www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/source-reduction-management/applications.html,Industrial Uses of Radiation,Lasers X-rays Gauges Wireless exit signs X-ray Fluorescence (XRF),Industrial Uses of Radiation,http:/www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/source-reduction-management/applications.html,Moisture/density gauges Radiography Static control Smoke detectors,Emergency Response,Lifesaving and serious injury take precedence over radiation exposure and contamination Control Access to Area Call for Help,Radioactive Waste,Industrial Studies 4020 Topics in Industrial Studies Environmental Safety Management,Types of Radioactive Waste,Spent Fuel - Withdrawn from a nuclear reactor following irradiation High-level waste - Highly radioactive material from reprocessing spent nuclear fuel Transuranic - Man-made elements above atomic number 92,Types of Radioactive Waste,NORM Naturally-occurring radioactive material (primarily uranium & thorium Special Nuclear - Pu, U-233, or uranium enriched in the Material isotopes U-233 or U-235 Low-level waste - not high-level radioactive waste, spent nuclear fuel, transuranic waste, or certain by-product material,Solid Waste,Landfill Decay Incinerate Supercompaction,LSC Vial Waste,Aqueous Waste,Hold for decay Sanitary sewer Table II POTW,Mixed Waste,RCRA/AEA Dual regulation EPA/State Conditional exemption Department of Energy,Questions?,

    注意事项

    本文(辐射安全常识.ppt)为本站会员(本田雅阁)主动上传,三一文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知三一文库(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!

    温馨提示:如果因为网速或其他原因下载失败请重新下载,重复下载不扣分。




    经营许可证编号:宁ICP备18001539号-1

    三一文库
    收起
    展开