语义翻译.ppt

1,翻译 理论与实践,2013年2月 山东科技大学外国语学院,2,第二章：语义翻译,3,run across run away run in run into run into debt run off run out run over,语义翻译,第二章: 语义翻译,一、理解中的选义,跑过偶然碰见 跑开失去控制 跑进顺便探望 跑进陷于；偶然碰见 负债 跑掉流畅地写出（背出） 跑出被用完，将尽 跑过满出，溢出,4,run up run a race run for presidency run wild run to the streets run a factory run the water off run oil run sb into difficulties run a fever,跑上去迅速积累（债款等） 参加赛跑 竞选总统 发狂 流浪街头 办工厂 把水放掉 提炼石油 使某人陷入困境 发烧,第二章: 语义翻译,5,上班 上报 上膘 上场 上当 上灯 上访 上轨道 上火 上进 上路 上台 上相,to go to work; to be on duty to appear in the newspaper (of animals) to become fat to appear on the stage /court to be taken in to light the lamp to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help to get on the right track to get angry to make progress to set out on a journey to come to power to be photogenic; to come out well in a photograph,第二章: 语义翻译,6,He was badly wounded in the head. 他的头部受重伤。 You should use your head a bit. 你应该用一下自己的头脑。 He has a strong head for mathematics. 他的数学能力很强。 Prick with the head of a needle. 用针尖挑。 Lets discuss the question under five heads.让我们分5个题目来讨论这个问题。 The head of his bed was piled with books. 他的床头堆满了书。 Heads or tails? 正面还是反面？ Go and ask the head of our department. 问问我们系的头去。 Where is the head? 厕所在哪里？（船上用语） He was standing at the head of the staircase. 他站在楼梯的顶端。,第二章: 语义翻译,7,这娃娃头真大！The baby has got a big head. 她正在梳头。She was combing her hair. 他的女儿在山头上玩。His daughter is playing on the top of the hill. 一辆小车停在桥西头。A car was parked at the west of the bridge. 让我从头讲起吧。 Let me tell the story from the very beginning. 他们是一头儿的。They are on the same side. 我们有30头牛。 We have thirty head of cattle. 他头天上午就来了。He came here the previous morning. 这还是我头一次来杭州呢。This is the first time I have been in Hangzhou. 他把铅笔头扔了。He has thrown away the pencil stub/ stump.,第二章: 语义翻译,8,怎样选择最为恰当的表达？ 根据上下文，充分考虑惯用搭配，感情色彩，语体和文体等 man （人） man and wife 丈夫和妻子 officers and men 官和兵 his man Friday 他的仆人礼拜五 （笛福鲁滨逊漂流记） man-of-war 战舰 Be a man! 要像个男子汉！ sophisticated （本义为“失去天真纯朴的”） man 老于世故的人 woman 狡黠的女子 columnist 老练的专栏作家 electronic device 高度精密的电子装置 weapon 尖端武器,第二章: 语义翻译,9,Please tell me if you can help us. 如果你能帮助我，请告诉我。 = Please tell me in case you can help us. 请告诉我，你能否帮助我们。 = Please tell me whether you can help us. We have no spring here. spring 可以理解为“春天”、“弹簧”或“泉水”。 故句子可以翻译成：我们这里没有春天/弹簧/泉水。 Im sure Ill beat John this time. beat 可以理解为defeat 或hit。 故句子可以翻译成：我这次肯定会（在比赛中）战胜约翰。/我这次肯定要揍约翰一顿。,第二章: 语义翻译,10,1. 英语中的die 与汉语的“死”： 亡，故，卒，逝，殁，毙，陨，薨，崩 亡故，身故，物故，物化，故世，谢世，弃世，过世，下世，仙游，千古，归西，归天，不在，不禄，牺牲，就义，献身，捐躯，殉职，永别，长眠，就木，闭眼，老了，没了，挺腿，完蛋，阵亡，丧命，客死，圆寂，羽化，驾崩， 回老家，玩儿完，填沟壑，山陵崩 粉身碎骨，见马克思，寿终正寝，呜呼哀哉，三长两短，杀身成仁，舍生取义，马革裹尸，肝脑涂地，死于非命，兰摧玉折，香消玉殒，倩女离魂，葬玉埋香,第二章: 语义翻译,二、表达中的选词,11,根据上下文，充分考虑惯用搭配，感情色彩，语体和文体等 惯用搭配：驾崩，阵亡，夭折 感情色彩：褒义：去世， 与世长辞 贬义：玩完了，咽气了 中性：死亡， 语体：书面语：去世，过世 口语：没了，走了 文体：新闻：罹难，遇难 智利政府确认452人在特大地震中遇难 科技说明文，法律文书: 死亡 文学作品：驾鹤西游，香消玉殒,12,perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, croak, depart, drown, fall, hang cease respiration, lose ones life, cease to exist, suffer death, end ones day, be no more, relinquish life, emit the last breath, come to a violent death, meet ones death, commit suicide, drop dead pass away, check in, burn out, kick off, cash in, go to glory, fall asleep, fade away, check out, kick in, go west, return to the earth, rest in peace, become one with nature, join the majority, close ones eyes, answer the last call, turn up ones heels, leave this world, depart to the world of shadows, be among the immortals, return to dust, shut the shop, bite the dust, lay down ones life, pay the supreme sacrifice, ,第二章: 语义翻译,13,2. good 与“好”在英汉汉英翻译中的取舍 He is a good man. This is good book. I wish you a good luck. She is a good friend of mine. She has brought me good news. It was a girl with good manners. These were all labeled as good eggs. Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends. He was a good chess player. who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; ,第二章: 语义翻译,14,He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. 我们又一次领受了他那广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。 In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. 在中国我们每到一个城市，就逛大街、逛商店、逛公园、上剧场、下饭馆。 house 一词的后置构词有诸多不同的翻译方式，如： 房，屋，室 院，舍，馆，社，栈，所，堂，间，亭，场，楼，站，库，塔，处，府，店，吧，厂，坊，堡，关 狱，洞，窟，棚，窝，笼,第二章: 语义翻译,15,1. After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea. 法国崩溃后， 德国陆军大大超过了英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则严重处于劣势。 2. Poor Joes panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house. (Vanity Fair) 乔的恐慌持续了两三天；这可怜虫不肯回家。 3. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair) 他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是不肯用苦功。他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。,三、翻译中的灵活性,第二章: 语义翻译,16,1. A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of Wars) 1) 一位头戴扁平的黑草帽的矮个儿姑娘，出现在门口。 2) 一位头戴黑色扁平草帽的小个儿姑娘，出现在门口。 3) 一位姑娘出现在门口，只见她个头不高，头戴一顶浅浅的黑草帽。 4) 门口闪出一位个头不高的女孩子，头上戴着一顶平平的黑草帽。 5) 门口出现一矮妞，头戴扁平黑草帽。 2. to be on tenterhooks （心情烦乱、焦急、紧张） 坐立不安，如坐针毡，局促不安，心乱如麻，七上八下，六神无主，手足无措，提心吊胆，焦虑不安，,四、翻译中的多样性,第二章: 语义翻译,17,3. 你的眼睛长哪去了？ 1) Havent you got eyes? 2) Are you so blind? 3) Are you such a blind man? 4) Youre really stone-blind! 5) How blind you are! 6) As blind as a bat! 7) What a blind man! 8) A sightless guy! 9) Why are you so rash? 10) How can you be so reckless? 11) My goodness! Be careful! 12) Would you please be more careful?,第二章: 语义翻译,18,4. 欢天喜地 be filled with joy, in high spirits, gladly, be delighted, with obvious pleasure, happy, in jubilation （欢腾，欢庆，欢庆活动）, delight, be highly elated (兴高采烈的，得意洋洋的), to go into raptures （极度欢喜）, to be in high glee （欢喜，高兴）, 大惊小怪 fuss, to make such a fuss about, make a fuss over something, be alarmists （大惊小怪者）, make a commotion （混乱，喧闹）, panic, get so worked up, kick up such a shindy (争吵，扰乱，喧闹), raise a false alarm,第二章: 语义翻译,19,英、汉两种语言在结构和语义表达方面存在着雷同和差异，翻译时有时用直译，有时用意译。直译指不仅忠实于原文内容而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同。意译指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。译文的语言与原文的语言在许多情况下并不拥有同样的表达形式来体现同样的内容。,五、直译与意译,第二章: 语义翻译,20,1. 某些习语和短语的翻译：,直译法,cold war 冷战 hot line 热线 chain stores 连锁商店 black market 黑市 pillar industry 支柱产业 traffic light 交通灯 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。,1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.,2. 含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等， 例如：,他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。,第二章: 语义翻译,21,2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.,参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。,3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness.,在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌请出一位意想不到的证人。,第二章: 语义翻译,22,3. 英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能通顺自然。 例如：,尽管我现在不常去那儿，但那里曾经一度是我生活的中心。,3) Although I don't visit it often now, it was once the center of my life.,我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人 朋友分享爱的时刻。,2) I'll always remember Thanksgivings as the times we ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends.,你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。,“Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings: happy and drunk.,第二章: 语义翻译,23,由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。美国著名翻译学家奈达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式，使用意译的五个条件：,意译法,1）直译会导致意义上的错误时；,2）引入外来语形成语义空白，读者可能自己填 入错误的意义时；,3）形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时；,4）形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时；,5）形式对等违反目的语的语法或文体规范时。,第二章: 语义翻译,24,中西方在历史渊源、文化传统、风俗习惯、地理环境等诸多方面存在差异，这种差异反应在语言表达上，就是翻译时应该不拘泥于原文的语法结构，需要根据汉语的习惯进行调整，使意思得以较为完整地转换, 主要有以下几种情况：,1英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。 例如：,2) Talk of the devil, and he will appear. 说曹操，曹操到。,1) It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。,第二章: 语义翻译,25,2英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语义有所差异， 按照汉语的语言习惯表达 。例如：,1) Where there is a will, there is a way.,在圣诞节期间，对大家来说，人与人之间似乎都要比平时友好得多。,4) Everyone seems much friendlier to each other than usual at Christmastime.,一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。,3) One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.,熟能生巧。,2) Practice makes perfect.,有志者事竟成。,第二章: 语义翻译,26,3根据上下文语境，对有些词汇、句式进行适当调整、转换 。 例如：,1) First of all, Christmas takes you out of the ordinary routine of life.,节日使我们有理由忘掉日常的惯例，去庆祝、去做值得回忆的事情。,2) They give us a reason to forget routine, to celebrate, and to make memories.,首先，圣诞节使你摆脱日常生活的轨道。,第二章: 语义翻译,27,3) The spirit of the Thanksgiving holiday promotes life, friendship, closeness and family unity.,1846年9月，他们举行了婚礼，仪式是秘密进行的，于是伊丽莎白·巴雷特变成了伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁。,5) Then, in September, 1846, in a secret marriage ceremony, Elizabeth Barrett became Elizabeth Barrett Browning.,他们才情并茂，精神融洽。,4) They seemed to be perfectly compatible, both intellectually and spiritually.,其实，感恩节的宗旨就是提升生活，增进友谊、亲密关系和家庭团结。,第二章: 语义翻译,