SAE J1805-1993 SOUND POWER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHMOVING MACHINERY.STATIC AND IN-PLACE DYNAMIC METHODS.pdf

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.org Copyright 1993 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Submitted for recognition as an American National Standard J1805 REV. APR93 Issued1987-04 Revised1993-04 Superseding J1805 APR87 (R) SOUND POWER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHMOVING MACHINERY STATIC AND IN-PLACE DYNAMIC METHODS 1.ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice is used to determine the exterior A-weighted equivalent sound power level of static and in-place dynamic machines (dozer, loader, excavator, and backhoe) similar to the sound power obtained in SAE J2102/ISO 6393 static and SAE J2104/ISO 6395 dynamic sound power test procedures. The recommended test procedures include conventional integrating sound pressure level methods or the sound intensity method using paired microphones. The sound intensity methodology provides a practical indoor alternative and permits measurement in the factory environment. The procedures in this document assume that the dominant sources are not highly sensitive to load (i.e., cooling fan, engine, track system). This test can be used as a substitute for the SAE J2102/ISO 6393 static and SAE J2104/ISO 6395 dynamic sound power tests for many machine types. Since the SAE J1372 test remains valid as a static test, it is not necessary to run SAE J1372 in addition to SAE J1805. The requirements for the machine setup and operation, and the microphone array and hemispherical measurement surface are given in this document. This document shall be used in conjunction with instrumentation manufacturer's recommendations pending finalization of ANSI documents on the subject of sound intensity procedures. The accompanying sound intensity procedure clarification is provided pending more widespread understanding of sound intensity. 2.References 2.1Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE J184 AUG87Qualifying a Sound Data Acquisition System SAE J1057 SEP88Identification Terminology of Earthmoving Machines SAE J1349 JAN90Engine Power Test CodeSpark Ignition and Compression IgnitionNet Power Rating SAE J1372 JUL88Sound PowerDeterminationEarthmoving MachineryStatic Condition SAE J2101/ISO 4872-1978AcousticsMeasurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by Construction Equipment Intended for Outdoor UseMethod for Determining Compliance with Noise Limits SAE J2102/ISO 6393-1985AcousticsMeasurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by Earthmoving MachineryMethod for Determining Compliance with Limits for Exterior Test ConditionStationary Test Condition SAE J1805 Revised APR93 -2- SAE J2104/ISO 6395-1989AcousticsMeasurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by Earthmoving MachineryMethod for Determining Compliance with Limits for Exterior NoiseSimulated Work Cycle Test Conditions SAE Technical Paper 850991In-Place Dynamic Sound Power Test Method 2.1.2ANSI AND ISO PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002. ANSI S1.1-1960 (R1976)Acoustical Terminology ANSI S1.13-1971 (R1976)Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels ANSI S1.23-1976Method for the Designation of Sound Power Emitted by Machinery and Equipment ANSI S1.4-1983Specification for Sound Level Meters ISO 1585-1974Road VehiclesEngine Test CodeNet Power ISO 6165-1978Earth-Moving MachineryBasic TypesVocabulary 2.1.3OTHER PUBLICATIONS IEC Publication 651-1979Type 1, Precision Sound Level Meters IEC Publication 804-1985Integral and Averaging Sound Level Meter B any other method of controlling track tension while maintaining the same sound characteristics is allowed. TABLE 4MICROPHONE LOCATION SEGMENT AREA FACTORS Segments per Layer Elevation Vertical AngleCounterclockwise Angle Relative to Front Segment Area Factor Multiply by (r) Squared Bottom - 1275 degreeStart 0, inc. 30 degree0.270 Middle - 845 degreeStart 0. inc. 45 degree0.248 Upper - 415 degreeStart 45, inc. 90 degree0.263 SAE J1805 Revised APR93 -7- The hardwood skid may be permanent or installed on a plate for temporary use. Proper care in making the plate and shimming it on the reflecting plane will reduce plate noise contribution to insignificance. 4.4.3Wheeled and tracked excavator machines shall be in contact with the reflecting plane or protecting rubber belting or any other nonabsorptive material. 4.5Machine OperationThe machine shall be operated at a stabilized running temperature for the prevailing ambient condition. All engines on a multiengined machine shall be operated concurrently. Sound data on the machine shall be measured under the two operating conditions as follows: 4.5.1STATIC CONDITIONThe machine will be operated at the manufacturer's specified rated engine speed under no-load condition with the transmission in neutral. 4.5.2IN-PLACE DYNAMIC CONDITIONMachine operations are described in Appendices A through D. 4.6Climatic ConditionsAmbient wind and temperature shall be measured at a height of 2 m above the ground and recorded. Measurements shall not be conducted outdoors when precipitation is falling or when the test surface is covered with snow or temperature is below 10 °C or above +50 °C or if the wind velocity exceeds 8 m/s. 4.7Measurements 4.7.1Criteria for A-weighted background noise measured at the microphone positions shall be as follows: 4.7.1.1For sound pressure level instruments, background noise shall be at least 10 dB below the measured level of the machine under test. 4.7.1.2For sound intensity systems, background noise can equal that of the machine as long as no other noise source is within the measurement hemisphere. If background noise within 5 dB of the vector measurement is present, it shall be constant within 2 dB during the measurement and during the entire data accumulation. 4.7.2INTEGRATION PERIODShall be the duration of one cycle unless the event being simulated is a drive-through or static rated speed test, in which case, a single integration period of 20 to 30 s at each microphone location is recommended. It is recommended that three correctly executed cycles be measured at each microphone location. The surface segment measurements will be used to obtain the surface energy average sound pressure level LpAeq. The measurements from each surface segment will be energy-averaged together for comparison. The average of the highest two (within 2 dB of each other) will be used to obtain the surface energy average sound pressure level LpAeq. 4.7.3NUMBER OF DYNAMIC CYCLESThree dynamic cycles shall be carried out resulting in three measurements to be taken at each of the six microphone positions. Calculate the three sets of data obtained at all microphone positions. If two of the three values so obtained do not differ by more than 1 dB, further measurements are not necessary. If this is not the case, continue taking measurements until two values within 1 dB of each other are obtained. Report, as the value of the A-weighted sound power level, the arithmetic mean of the two highest values that are within 1 dB of each other. 4.8Calculations 4.8.1For sound pressure level systems, the surface energy average sound pressure level LpAeq shall be calculated from each set of measured values of the energy average A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level from all six microphone locations based on an energy average. The sound power level is obtained by adding an area factor, 10 log (S/So), and the environmental factor K. SAE J1805 Revised APR93 -8- (Eq. 1) where: S is the area of the measurement surface in square meters. Ref: So = 1 m. (S = 2 r2 for a hemispherical measurement surface.) (See Table 5.) Annex A of SAE J2101/ISO 4872-1978 shall be used to determine the environmental factor K or to determine if the reflecting plane is suitable. For test sites, which consist of a hard, flat surface such as asphalt or concrete and with no sound-reflecting obstacles within a distance from the source equal to three times the greatest distance from the source center to the lower measurement points, it may be assumed that the environmental correction factor K is less than or equal to 0.5 dB and is, therefore, negligible. 4.8.2For sound intensity systems, the products of the sound intensity vectors times the represented perpendicular surface segments are summed. The surface correction factor K may be ignored if less than 0.5 dB. The total is sound power in decibels. 4.9Information to be Recorded 4.9.1MACHINERY UNDER TESTThe machine manufacturer, model number, arrangement, major attachments, engine speed at rated speed no-load condition, and maximum governed engine speed (during the in-place dynamic test only) shall be recorded. The machine operation will be specified either as a base mode operation under the appendix, or detailed to include gear selection, attachment operation, engine speeds, and if tracked, the track tension adjustment. 4.9.2INSTRUMENTATIONState the instruments used during the tests to include name, type, manufacturer, and serial number. 4.9.3ACOUSTICAL DATAThe measurement surface radius, microphone placement, average background sound pressure level, machine energy averaged sound pressure level or energy average sound intensity, and calculated sound power level, in A-weighted decibels, for the static and in-place dynamic test conditions. 4.10 Information to be Reported 4.10.1 The machine manufacturer, model number, arrangement, major attachments, engine speed at rated speed no-load condition for the static test, and maximum governed engine speed for the in-place dynamic test shall be recorded. For tracked machines, the track tension adjustment will be reported. The machine operation will be specified either as a base mode operation under the appendix, or detailed to include gear selection, attachment operation, and engine speeds. 4.10.2 The sound power level in A-weighted decibels for both the static and in-place dynamic test conditions rounded to the nearest decibel. TABLE 5AREA FACTOR FOR STANDARD RADIUS HEMISPHERES Radius10 Log(S/S0) 4 m20 dB 10 m28 dB 16 m32 dB LWAeqLpAeq10S So()K decibels Ref: 1pWlog+= SAE J1805 Revised APR93 -9- 5.General Comments 5.1It is recommended that persons trained and experienced in the current techniques of sound measurements select the instrumentation and conduct the tests. Attention to detail and a thorough understanding of the machine and test instrumentation operational requirements shall be prerequisites of all personnel attached to the evaluation program. 5.2Proper use of all test instrumentation is essential to obtain valid measurements. Operating manuals or other literature furnished by the instrument manufacturer should be referred to for both recommended operation of the instrument and precautions to be observed. 5.2.1The effects of ambient weather conditions on the performance of all instruments (for example: temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and stray magnetic fields) must be known. Instrumentation can be influenced by low or high temperature, and caution should be exercised. 5.2.2Proper signal levels, terminating impedances, and cable lengths on multi-instrument measurement systems must be known. 5.2.3Proper acoustical calibration procedure, to include the influence of extension cables, etc., should be performed. Field acoustical calibration shall be made immediately before and after the testing of each piece of earthmoving machinery. The calibration before and after shall not vary by more than ± 0.5 dB for tests to be valid. 5.2.4The overall effect due to an alternate test environment on the sound level measurement shall not exceed ±1.0 dB(A) from the sound power measurement made at the test site described in 4.1. 5.3It should be recognized that variations in measured sound levels may occur due to variations in test site, ambient weather differences (temperature, wind, and their gradients), test equipment differences, and inherent differences between nominally identical machines. 6.Notes 6.1Marginal IndiciaThe change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the report. PREPARED BY THE SAE EARTHMOVING SOUND LEVEL SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE SAE SOUND LEVEL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SAE J1805 Revised APR93 -10- APPENDIX A EXCAVATORS (HYDRAULIC OR ROPE OPERATED) Preface(This appendix forms an integral part of the document.) A.1Definition (in Accordance with ISO 6165)A self-propelled crawler or wheeled machine with an upper structure capable of a minimum of 360-degree rotation, which excavates, elevates, swings, and dumps material by the action of a bucket fitted to the boom and arm or telescoping boom, without moving the chassis or undercarriage during any one cycle of the machine. A.2Safety and OperationAll relevant safety precautions and the manufacturer's operating instructions shall be followed during the test. Any signal devices, such as forward warning horn or backup alarm, shall not be activated during the test. A.3Setting-Up of the MachineThe excavator shall be equipped with the bucket, such as hoe, shovel, grab type, or dragline, designated for the manufacturer's production version. Engine and hydraulic systems shall be warmed to normal operating conditions for the prevailing ambient temperature. The engine governor control shall be set to the maximum position (high idle). All actuating movements shall be carried out at maximum velocity but without activating relief valves or contacting end-of-travel mechanical barriers. The excavator shall be located on a hard reflecting plane as specified in 4.1. A.4Operation of the Machine A.4.1 Basic Machine CycleThe dynamic cycle, without moving material, as described in A.4.2 to A.4.5, comprises three 90-degree swings to the left of the operator and back, with the machine positioned so the center of rotation of the upper structure of the excavator (which is defined as the machine center for the purpose of locating the mach