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1、85个高考生物常考知识点85个经典高考生物考点 1.基因重组只发生在减数分裂过程和基因工程中。(三倍体、病毒、细菌等不能基因重组) 2.细胞生物的遗传物质就是DNA,有DNA就有RNA,有5种碱基,8种核苷酸。 3.双缩脲试剂不能检测蛋白酶活性,因为蛋白酶本身也是蛋白质。 4.高血糖症?糖尿病。高血糖症尿液中不含葡萄糖,只能验血,不能用本尼迪特试剂检验。因血液是红色。 5.洋葱表皮细胞不能进行有丝分裂,必须是连续分裂的细胞才有细胞周期。 6.细胞克隆就是细胞培养,利用细胞增殖的原理。 7.细胞板?赤道板。细胞板是植物细胞分裂后期由高尔基体形成,赤道板不是细胞结构。 8.激素调节是体液调节的主要
2、部分。CO2刺激呼吸中枢使呼吸加快属于体液调节。 9.注射血清治疗患者不属于二次免疫(抗原,记忆细胞才是),血清中的抗体是多种抗体的混合物。 10.刺激肌肉会收缩,不属于反射,反射必须经过完整的反射弧,判断兴奋传导方向有突触或神经节。 11.递质分兴奋性递质和抑制性递质,抑制性递质能引起下一个神经元电位变化,但电性不变,所以不会引起效应器反应。 12.DNA是主要的遗传物质中“主要”如何理解,每种生物只有一种遗传物质,细胞生物就是DNA,RNA也不是次要的遗传物质,而是针对“整个”生物界而言的。只有少数RNA病毒的遗传物质是RNA。 13.隐性基因在哪些情况下性状能表达,?单倍体,?纯合子(如
3、bb或XbY),?位于Y染色体上。 14.染色体组?染色体组型?基因组三者概念的区别。染色体组是一组非同源染色体,如人类为2个染色体组,为二倍体生物。基因组为22,X,Y,而染色体组型为44,XX或XY。 15.病毒不具细胞结构,无独立新陈代谢,只能过寄生生活,用普通培养基to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, c
4、ool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a ho
5、mogenate samples placed in a 250mL500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 place for a moment . . action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate . 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex
6、beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by
7、 12.1.1 since placed moments. up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL10mL, nitric
8、-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid无法培养,只能用活细胞培养,如活鸡胚。 16.病毒在生物学中的应用举例:?基因工程中作载体,?细胞工程中作诱融合剂,?在免疫学上可作疫苗用于免疫预防。 17.遗传中注意事项
9、: (1)基因型频率?基因型概率。 (2)显性突变、隐性突变。 (3)重新化整的思路(Aa自交?1AA:2Aa:1aa,其中aa致死,则1/3AA+2/3Aa=1) (4)自交?自由交配,自由交配用基因频率去解,特别提示:豌豆的自由交配就是自交。 (5)基因型的书写格式要正确,如常染色体上基因写前面XY一定要大写。要用题中所给的字母表示。 (6)一次杂交实验,通常选同型用隐性,异型用显性。 (7)遗传图解的书写一定要写基因型,表现型,?,P,F等符号,遗传图解区别遗传系谱图,需文字说明的一定要写,特别注意括号中的说明。 8)F2出现3:1(Aa自交)出现1:1(测交Aaaa),出现9:3:3:
10、 (1(AaBb自交)出现1:1:1:1(AaBbaabb测交或AabbaaBb杂交)。 (9)验证基因位于一对同源染色体上满足基因分离定律(或位于两对同源染色体上满足基因自由组合定律)方法可以用自交或测交。(植物一般用自交,动物一般用测交) (10)子代中雌雄比例不同,则基因通常位于X染色体上;出现2:1或6:3:2:1则通常考虑纯合致死效应;子代中雌雄性状比例相同,基因位于常染色体上。 (11)F2出现1:2:1不完全显性),9:7、15:1、12:3:1、9:6;1(总和为16)都是9:3:3:1的变形(AaBb的自交或互交)。 (12)育种方法:快速繁殖(单倍体育种,植物组织培养)、最
11、简单育种方法(自交)。 (13)秋水仙素作用于萌发的种子或幼苗(未作用的部位,如根部仍为二倍体);秋水仙素的作用原理:有丝分裂前期抑制纺锤体的形成;秋水仙素能抑制to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g
12、 a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL500mL nitrogen bottles
13、, adding seed glass beads, 10mL15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 place for a moment . . action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate . 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.
14、00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since placed moments. up law operation, but set
15、capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5m
16、L or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid植物细胞纺锤体的形成,对动物细胞无效。秋水仙素是生物碱,不是植物激素。 (14)遗传病不一定含有致病基因,如21-三体综合症。 18.平常考试用常见错别字归纳:液(叶)泡、神经(精)、类(内)囊体、必需(须)、测(侧)定、纯合(和)子、抑(仰)制、拟(似)核、拮(佶)抗、蒸腾(滕)、
17、异养(氧)型。 19.细胞膜上的蛋白质有糖蛋白(识别功能,如受体、MHC等),载体蛋白,水通道蛋白等。 20.减数分裂与有丝分裂比较:减数第一次分裂同源染色体分离,减数第二次分裂和有丝分裂着丝粒断裂,减数分裂有基因重组,有丝分裂中无基因重组,有丝分裂整个过程中都有同源染色体,减数分裂过程中有联会、四分体时期。(识别图象:三看法针对的是二倍体生物)。 21.没有纺锤丝的牵拉着丝粒也会断裂,纺锤丝的作用是使姐妹染色单体均分到两极。 22.精子、卵细胞属于高度分化的细胞,但全能性较大、无细胞周期。 23.表观光合速率判断的方法:坐标图中有“负值”,文字中有“实验测得”。 24.哺乳动物无氧呼吸产生乳
18、酸,不产生二氧化碳,酵母菌兼性厌氧型能进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。植物无氧呼吸一般产生酒精、二氧化碳(特例:马铃薯的块茎、玉米的胚、甜菜的块根)。 25.植物细胞具有全能性,动物细胞(受精卵、28细胞球期、生殖细胞)也有全能性;通常讲动物细胞核具有全能性(实例:克隆羊),胚胎干细胞具有发育全能性。 26.基因探针可以是DNA双链、单链或RNA单链,但探针的核苷酸序列是已知的(如测某人是否患镰刀型贫血症),则探针是放射性同位素标记或荧光标记的镰刀型贫血症患者的DNA作为探针。 27.病毒作为抗原,表面有多种蛋白质。所以由某病毒引起的抗体有多种。即一种抗原(含有多个抗原分子)引起产生的特异性抗体有多种
19、(一种抗原分子对应一种特异性抗体)。 28.每一个浆细胞只能产生一种特异性抗体,所以人体内的B淋巴细胞表面的抗原-MHC受体是有许多种的,而血清中的抗体是多种抗体的混合物。 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 1
20、0mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL500mL nitrogen b
21、ottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 place for a moment . . action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate . 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: dr
22、aw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since placed moments. up law operation, bu
23、t set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly
24、add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid29.抗生素(如青霉素、四环素)只对细菌起作用(抑制细菌细胞壁形成),不能对病毒起作用。 30.转基因作物与原物种仍是同一物种,而不是新物种。基因工程实质是基因重组,基因工程为定向变异。 31.标记基因(通常选抗性基因)的作用是:用于检测重组质粒是否被导入受体细胞(不含抗
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