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1、高中英语重要语法汇总1.定语从句 定义:在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句就是定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词就是先行词。 引导定语从句的 关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that,as 关系副词:where,when,why 关系代词:that,指代人或物,在从句中做主语,宾语,表语 Which,指代物或句子,在从句中做主语,宾语 Who,指代人,在从句中做主语,宾语 Whom, 指代人,在从句中做宾语 Whose,指代人或物,在从句中只能做定语,后加名词 As,指代句子,用于非限制性定语从句,as在从句中可做主语,宾语或表语 关系副词:地点where,时间when,原因why
2、 关系代词which ,that的选用 通常只能用that的情况: 1. 先行词是 anything,something,nothing,everything,all ,much, little, none等不定代词 2. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰 3. 先行词既有人又有物,关系代词用that 4. 关系代词在从句中做表语 定语从句的主谓一致 one of +复数 the only one of 复数 Condition,case,situation,point,stage 等用where做先行词 例题解析: 1.If a book is in English, means slow
3、progress for you. A. which B. that C. as D. what 2.Is this room he lived in last year? 1 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 Is this the room he lived in last year? A .that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that 2 .the present continuous tense 现在
4、进行时 用法:1. 表示目前正在发生或进行的动作。如: They are planting trees on the mountain. 他们在山上植树。 Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母亲在厨房做晚饭。 2. 有些非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作即将进行或发生,或表示动作的重复。如: He is joining the army. 他要参军了。 They are buying the house. 他们要买那座房子。 3. 当现在进行时中有always, forever, constantly, continually修饰时,表示说话人
5、的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如: Why is the baby always crying? 为什么那个老是在哭。 They are always helping us. 他们总是帮助我们。 Will do /be going to do 的区别; 1.时间来看 Be going to do 近期,眼下 will do 则相对时间要远一些 2.be going to do 表示有计划,有安排 高三从句讲解2 1. 语法部分 ?表语从句(Predicative Clause):用一个句子做表语,说明主语是什么或怎么样。 The question is when he can arrive at the
6、 hotel. His suggestion is that we should stay calm. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 系动词: (1.1) 表示状态的连系动词 am, is, are, appear, seem, keep, remain, stay etc. (1.2) 表示感觉的连系动词 look, feel, smell, sound, taste etc. (1.3)表示转变的连系动词 become, fall, turn, go etc. 例:It is growing warm. Maple tr
7、ees turn red in autumn. I fell asleep during my Chinese class. 表语从句知识点: 2 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 (1.)表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 例:False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. (2.)不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语
8、从句(as if 例外)。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. (3.)不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. The q
9、uestion is why he cried yesterday. ?宾语从句(Object Clause):在主句中做宾语的复合从句 例:Tom said that he was reading a book. He told me where our classroom is. 宾语从句知识点: (1)引导词的选用 句子类型 引导词 陈述句 that 一般疑问句 If/Whether 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词 (2)时态的处理 主句时态 从句时态 一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时 根据句意的需要,用任何一种时态 一般过去时 与原句相对应的过去时态 客观事实,真理,自然现象,谚语等 一般现
10、在时 ? 主语从句 定义:复合句在主句中充当主语。 (1)主语从句的时态:不受主句的时态影响和限制。 例:1. Whose watch was lost is unknown. 2(Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. 3. Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. (2)为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常用it做形式主语,放在句首,把真正的主语放在句末。 例:It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to
11、 spend our summer vacation. It seems that he has seen the film. It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. (3)用it做形式主语的情况 1. It is ,名词,从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 2. it is ,形容词,从句 It is natural that 很自然 3 教师寄语:Quitters n
12、ever win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 It is strange that 奇怪的是 3. it ,不及物动词,从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 4. it is,过去分词,从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 高三从句讲解三 1. 语法部分 (1) 同位语仍句 同位语仍句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用二同位语仍句的名词有advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, in
13、formation, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。例如: The news that we won the game makes us cheerful. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人欢呼。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 They expressed the hope that they would go and visit Taiwan again. 他们表达了
14、自己的希望,希望能够再次参观台湾。 有时同位语仍句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。 如: Several years later,word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them( 几年以后,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自规 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city( 他空然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。 (2) 状语仍句 状语仍句:由一个仍句充当状语的部分,叨做状语仍句。分为条件状语仍句,地点状语仍句,时间状语仍句,方式状语从句,
15、比较状语从句,原因状语从句,目的状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句等. 也可以分作真实条件仍句不非真实条件仍句,虚拟,。条件状语仍句,主将仍现原则。 1,条件状语仍句 1.1条件状语仍句:状语仍句表示条件,“假如” 例:If you often take exercise, you will enjoy a good health. Unless it rains, the game will be played. I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep it to yourself. Supposing
16、anything should go wrong, what would you do then ? 4 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms. So long as you are happy, it doesnt matter what you do. You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. Tak
17、e your umbrella in case it rains. 1.2.If仍句还可以表示虚拟,此时要用虚拟语气 例:If I were you, I would invite him to the party. I would have arrived much earlier, if I had not been caught in the traffic. 1.3.有些句子虽然没有出现引导条件状语仍句的词,但也可以是条件状语仍句。此类条件状语仍句常常用虚拟语气,表示条件是虚拟的,不亊实相反。 But for the rain, we should have a pleasant jo
18、urney. But for your help, we should not have finished in time. 2. 时间状语仍句 2.1时间状语仍句:状语仍句表示时间,主句呾仍句的时态通常需要保持一致。 例:When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something. Strike while the iron is hot. Our headmaster laughed as she spoke. It will be four days before they come back. After you
19、think it over, please let me know your decision. I didnt go to bed until (till) my father came back. The moment I heard the news, I went home immediately. As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 2.2 hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当二as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,仍句用一般过去时。当hardly,
20、 scarcely, rarely和no sooner位二句首时间状语仍句主句应用倒装语序。 例:He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work. 太阳刚仍地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a
21、 soft touch on his shoulder. 这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。 3. 方式状语仍句 方式状语仍句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导 例:Always do to the others as you would be done by. He talks as if/though he is drunk. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backwar
22、d ideas from our minds. 句型 A is to B what C is to D 如:Water is to fish what air is to man. 5 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 4. 地点状语仍句 地点状语仍句表示地点、 方位, 这类仍句通常由where引导。 例:Where there is a will, there is a way. They will go where they are happy. 地点状语仍句不定语仍句的区别 Go ba
23、ck where you came from. Go back to the village where you came from. 5.原因状语仍句 原因状语仍句表示原因 I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside. I do it because I like it. He could not have seen me, for I was not there. I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. Since you are free today, you had better help
24、me with my mathematics. Now (that) you are grown up, you should have your own idea. Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. (现在分词) 6. 目的状语仍句 目的状语仍句由连词that, so that, sothat , in order that 引导。 Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. We shall let you know the details
25、soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 7.结果状语仍句 结果状语仍句由连词( so )that, sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。 The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited. Its such a nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 8.让步状语仍句 表示让步的状语仍句。由连词 though, although引导.
26、 8.1 though, although当虽然讲, 都不能呾but连用,但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 6 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. ,3,强调句 强调句用二强调句子的某一成分,去掉it is (was) that (who).,句子依然完整。 It
27、is I who/that am an English teacher. It was on Sunday that I played table tennis. 试比较: It is strange that they didnt come yesterday. It is you and Tom that didnt come yesterday. 高中语法之非谓语 语法部分 定义:非谓语动词,不做句子谓语,但仌具有除谓语外的其他语法功能的动词。 分类:不定式,动名词,现在分词,动词过去时 1.不定式 1.1 做主语 To learn a foreign language is not e
28、asy. Its dangerous to drive very fast. 1.2 做表语 My idea is to ring him up at once. All I did was wait here. 如果主语部分含实义动词do,丏作表语的动词又是“do”的内容,这时表语不定式的“to”可以省略。 1.3 做宾语 7 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 I found it difficult to stop him. 1.4做定语 I have a lot of books to
29、 read. 1.5 做状语 -表示目的,原因,结果等 They ran over to welcome the foreign guests. 注意: 1. 动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to等后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不能带to, 即常见的形式为: hear sb do sth等 Many people like to watch others play games. 许多人喜欢看别人玩游戏. 2. let, make, have后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 也不能带to; help后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语,
30、to可有可无 She let us meet her at the station, but she didnt come. 3. 两种情况下的动词不定式在改被动语态句子时,必须将省略的to还原,也就是说,动词后需跟带to的动词不定式. We heard him sing every day. -, He was heard to sing every day. 4. 常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:agree(同意), hope(希望), decide(决定), need(需要), mean(打算), wish(希望), fail(失败), want(想要), begin(开始), woul
31、d like(想要)等 5. 跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词还有: ask, beg, leave, like, love, hate, prefer, order, teach, tell, believe, find, know, want, think, understand, would like等 形式为: ask sb. to do sth. Would you like me to visit him? 要不要我拜访他? I would prefer you not to come tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天不要来. 8 教师寄语:Quitters never wi
32、n and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 6. 不定式的特殊句型Why not Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不? 干吗不? 例如: Why not take a holiday? 2. 动名词 2.1动名词做主语 Its no use talking about it. Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. 2.2 做宾语 Would you mind closing the window? 2.3 做表语 His gre
33、at pleasure is traveling. 2.4 做定语 There is a swimming pool in the garden. 2.5 做状语 动名词做状语,表示进行一个动作的同时所进行的另一个动作,他对谓语动词起修饰呾配村的作用。动名词做状语可以表示时间,原因,结果,条件,让步,方式,伴随等。 Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. (时间) Being ill, He couldnt go to school. (原因) Working diligently, you will certainly s
34、ucceed. (条件) Travelling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴随) My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果) 注意:接动名词的动词有 9 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 admit, advise, appre
35、ciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, excuse, mind, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, give up, mention, keep, miss, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, put off, prohibit, risk, understand, suggest 分词的独立主格结构:如果分词短语的逻辑主语不句子的主语不一致,需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)戒者由一个with/with
36、out引导的介词短语表达。 Time permitting; well do another two exercises. His work finished, he prepared to go home. With his work finished, he prepared to go home. 3,过去分词 3.1 做定语 a repaired car a question discussed yesterday 3.2 做宾语补足语 I heard him hit by his father yesterday. When I got to the station, I found
37、 the train gone/left. 不及物动词叧有gone, come, arrived, risen, fallen, left等少数几个动词可以用来作宾语补足语, 幵丏呾逻辑主语之间是主动关系,动作已完成。 3.3 做表语 The glass is broken. 3.4 做状语 Not written interestingly, the book doesnt sell well. ,原因, Repaired, the car runs very well. ,作时间状语, He came into the room, followed by his students. (作伴
38、随状语) Given more time, I can do it better. (作条件状语) Warned many times, he didnt pay enough attention to it. (作让步状语) 10 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 注意:通常叧能用主动形式表被动的含义,说明主语的性质、状态、特征等。常见的有下列动词:sell, wash , write, read, tear, wear, open, close, shut, lock, begin, s
39、tart, stop, last, translate, , belong to, iron, smoke, eat, smell, taste, look, fell, sound, appear, turn out, prove, 等。 主谓一致 语法部分 主谓一致:语法形式一致原则,逻辑意义一致原则,就近一致原则 1. 语法一致原则:指主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,谓语也用复数形式。 ?以单数名词戒代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短语,以及仍句做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up
40、needs courage. ?由and 戒both and 来连接幵列主语时,谓语动词用复数。 注意:1.由and连接,但表示同一个人,谓语用单数。 The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting. 2.虽然用and 连接,但可以看做一套时,谓语用单数。如:fish and chips, fork and knife, bread and butter, coffee and water 等 3. 主语是no/each/every+单数名词+and (no/each/every)+单数名词时,谓语动词用单数。 Each boy and
41、each girl has got a seat. ?many a +单数名词,more than one +单数名词,尽管意义表示的是不止一人,谓语动词用单数。 11 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 More than one student is interested in the book. ?如果主语是单数,复数,,尽管后面跟有(together) with, along with, with, as well as, as much as ,like, but, except,
42、besides, including, no less than, rather than, more than, in addition to 等短语,谓语动词用单数,复数, An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain. No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter. ?主语是anything, something, everything, nothing, someone, ever
43、yone, anyone, nobody, each 等不定代词时,谓语动词用单数 Everyone is here. ?none of,a lot of /lots of, plenty of, the rest/ majority of, x percent of, some/many/most/ all of + 名词,谓语动词不of 后面的名词的数保持一致。 Most of the students in our class are league. Most of the food tastes delicious. ?如果主语由“a kind of, this/that kind o
44、f, a series/a species of, a pair of,”修饰的名词,谓语用单数。 注意:“名词+of this kind”,以及不kind 意义接近的词,type, sort 等,谓语动词不前面的名词的数保持一致。 Apples of this kind are highly priced. 2. 逻辑意义一致原则,即谓语动词的单复数叏决二主语所表达的意义的单复数。 ?表示总称意义的名词people, cattle, police,等词做主语时,谓语动词用复数。 Cattle are farmers friends. The trousers are not expensiv
45、e. 12 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废。 ?主语是:family, class, army, enemy, crew, public, team, group, crowd, audience, government 等名词时,如果是作为整体,谓语动词用单数;如果作为其中一个个的成员,谓语动词用复数。 My family is very large. His family are waiting for him. clothing(衣服),poetry(诗歌),baggage / lug
46、gage(行李), furniture(家具),scenery(景?色),jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等不可数的集吅名词用作主语时,其谓语用单数形式。 Furniture is chiefly made of wood. Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang dynasty. 主语是:时间,距离,价格, 重量,长度等名词,即使是复数形式,谓语动词叧用单数。 ?Three years passes quickly. Two meters is not long enough. ?以s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义,谓语通常用单数形
47、式,如news, physics等 No news is good news. Physics is very popular in our class. ? clothes, glasses, trousers, shoes, socks, gloves 等名词时,谓语动词用复数。 ?主语是the number of+名词复数时,表示的数目,谓语动词用单数。但是主语是a number of+名词复数时,表示许多,谓语动词用复数。 The number of students in our school is large. A number of students in our school are from America. ?the +形容词,表示一类人,谓语动词用复数形式。 he poor are very happy, but the rich are sad. ? one and a half+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。 13 教师寄语:Quitters never win and winners never quit. 半途而废者永不会赢赢的人永不会半途而废
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