最新高考必备--高中化学方程式汇编大全优秀名师资料.doc
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1、2011年高考必备-高中化学方程式汇编大全高中化学方程式汇编 无机化学部分 。 非金属单质(F ,Cl , O , S, N , P , C , Si) 22221( 氧化性: 氟气与氢气在暗处混合即爆炸 F + H = 2HF 22氟气与水相遇 2F +2HO=4HF+O 222氢气在氯气中燃烧 钠在氯气中剧烈燃烧(白烟 铁在氯气中剧烈燃烧(深棕色烟) 铜丝在氯气中剧烈燃烧(浅棕色烟) 磷在氯气中燃烧生成白色烟雾 (白雾) (白烟) 铁在纯氧中剧烈燃烧,火星四射 2+3+ -氯化亚铁溶液中通入氯气 Cl +2FeCl =2FeCl 2 Fe + Cl = 2 Fe+ 2Cl 2232-新制氯
2、水注入盛溴化钠溶液的试管中 2Cl+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br Cl + 2Br = Br + 2Cl 22 22新制氯水注入盛碘化钠溶液的试管中 Cl +2NaI =2NaCl+I 22氯气和二氧化硫同时通入水中 Cl+SO+2HO=HSO +2HCl 22 224硫与氢气共热 硫与铜共热 铁与硫加热反应 氮气和氢气反应(工业合成氨)镁可与氮气反应 2( 还原性 硫燃烧 氮气与氧气在放电下反应 2NO + O 2NO22S+6HNO(浓)=HSO+6NO?+2HO 324223S+4 HNO(稀)=3SO+4NO?+2HO 322(X表示F,Cl,Br) 2222 PX+X=PX325 C
3、+CO=2CO 2(生成水煤气) (制得粗硅) steel bolts, screws and studs GB/T3098.6-2000 scope of this project are: 1, 2, 3 aluminium sheet curtain wall of glass curtain wall and the Aluminum plastic Board curtain wall 4, and stone curtain wall 5, and curtain wall buried pieces 6, and light steel points type glass rai
4、n canopy, and aluminum Board rain canopy 7, and aluminum Venetian 8, and outdoor advertising (containing roofing and the State surface advertising) 9 to spring glass door 10, and concrete structure and curtain wall between of layer between, and around fire seal blocking 11, and anti-mine 12, and dau
5、ghter wall top processing 13, and pan light ming, engineering of tie construction 14, and buildings of deformation sewing (settlement sewing, and expansion joints,) 15, and After the detailed design drawings issued a wall embedded part is inconsistent with the tenderer needs to increase fixed curtai
6、n wall structure 16, decorative surfaces and decorative surface and joints between parts of other buildings facing sealing process, required to support the outer decoration of a hole, hole, plugging holes and so on. This works more decorative items, in order to ensure that the decoration constructio
7、n progress and quality, trying to avoid construction does not . Processing. After installation is complete if you have damaged galvanized parts should Si+2NaOH+HO=NaSiO+2H? 22323(碱中)发生歧化(一个价态生成两个价态的反应称为歧化) Cl+HO=HCl+HClO (加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化) 22Cl+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+HO (制取漂白剂的反应) 22工业制取漂白粉的反应: 2Cl+2Ca(OH
8、)=CaCl+Ca(ClO)+2HO 222222+- 2Ca(OH)+ 2Cl =2Ca+2ClO + 2Cl + 2HO 2 22漂白粉的失效:Ca(ClO) + CO + HO =CaCO? + 2HClO 2223光照 2HClO 2HCl + O? 2金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性 ? 金属锂在空气中燃烧 4Li + O 2LiO 22 钠在空气中常温 4Na+O=2NaO 22钠在空气中燃烧(黄色的火焰) 2Na+S=NaS(爆炸) 2钠与水反应(浮、熔、游、响、红)2Na+2HO=2NaOH+H? 22+-2Na + 2HO = 2Na + 2OH + H 22 镁条
9、在空气中燃烧,发出耀眼的白光 Mg+HSO=MgSO+H? 2442铝箔在氧气中剧烈燃烧 Al+4HNO(稀)=Al(NO)+NO?+2HO 33322Al+6HSO(浓、热)=Al(SO)+3SO?+6HO (Al,Fe在冷,浓的HSO,HNO中钝化) 24243222432Al+6HCl=2AlCl+3H? 322Al+3HSO=Al(SO)+3H? 242432铝的两性 2Al+2NaOH+2HO=2NaAlO+3H? 222(铝热反应用于焊接钢轨) *高温下铁与水蒸汽反应 铁与盐酸反应 Fe+2HCl=FeCl+H? 22铁置换出铜 Fe+CuCl=FeCl+Cu 22铁不足:Fe+4
10、HNO(稀)=Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO 3332铁足量:3Fe+8HNO(稀)=3Fe(NO)+2NO?+4HO 3322非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,HO,HS,NH) 2231( 还原性: +-2+MnO + 4H +2Cl Mn + Cl?+ 2HO实验室制取氯气(仪器:分液漏斗,圆底烧瓶) 22216HCl+2KMnO=2KCl+2MnCl+5Cl?+8HO(实验室也用于制取氯气) 4222works er buildings facing sealing process, required to support the outer decoration of a hole, hol
11、e, plugging holes and so on. Thisneeds to increase fixed curtain wall structure 16, decorative surfaces and decorative surface and joints between parts of otherer , and expansion joints,) 15, and After the detailed design drawings issued a wall embedded part is inconsistent with the tendprocessing 1
12、3, and pan light ming, engineering of tie construction 14, and buildings of deformation sewing (settlement sewing mine 12, and daughter wall top-rete structure and curtain wall between of layer between, and around fire seal blocking 11, and antienetian 8, and outdoor advertising (containing roofing
13、and the State surface advertising) 9 to spring glass door 10, and concum Vand curtain wall buried pieces 6, and light steel points type glass rain canopy, and aluminum Board rain canopy 7, and alumin 3 aluminium sheet curtain wall of glass curtain wall and the Aluminum plastic Board curtain wall 4,
14、and stone curtain wall 5, 2000 scope of this project are: 1, 2,-steel bolts, screws and studs GB/T3098.6does not . Processing. After installation is complete if you have damaged galvanized parts should more decorative items, in order to ensure that the decoration construction progress and quality, t
15、rying to avoid construction 2 2HS+SO=3S?+2HO(S为淡黄色固体) 2222NH(少量)+3Cl=N+6HCl 3228NH(过量)+3Cl=N+6NHCl 32244NH+3O(纯氧)=2N+6HO 32224NH+6NO=5N+6HO(用氨清除NO) 232氨的催化氧化 2(酸性: 4HF+SiO=SiF+2HO(HF保存在塑料瓶的原因,此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO的含量) 2422HS+CuCl=CuS?+2HCl 22HS+FeCl=(不反应) 223( 碱性(NH是唯一的碱性气体): 3用浓盐酸检验氨气(白烟生成) NH+HCl=NH
16、Cl 34NH+HNO=NHNO 33432NH+HSO=(NH)SO 324424NH+NaCl+HO+CO=NaHCO+NHCl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打) 322344(不稳定性: 2HO=2HO+O?(也用于实验室制取氧气) 2222非金属氧化物 1( 低价态的还原性: SO+HO=HSO 32242SO+O+2HO=2HSO (这是SO在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应) 222242SO+Cl+2HO=HSO+2HCl 222242NO+O=2NO22 2CO+O=2CO22 CO的还原性 镁在CO中燃烧 2(CO不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾) 22(氧化
17、性: NO+2KI+HO=NO+I?+2KOH (不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO) 22223.与水的作用: SO+HO=HSO SO+HO=HSO 222332243NO+HO=2HNO+NO 223NO 、O 的混合气通入水中无剩余气体 4NO + O + 2HO = 4 HNO 222223NO 、O 的混合气通入水中无剩余气体 4NO+ 3O + 2HO = 4 HNO 2 223NO+HO=2HNO 2523PO+HO(冷)=2HPO 2523PO+3HO(热)=2HPO(PO极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂) 25234254( 与碱性物质的作用: amaged galvanized
18、parts shouldhave dnstruction progress and quality, trying to avoid construction does not . Processing. After installation is complete if you ration of a hole, hole, plugging holes and so on. This works more decorative items, in order to ensure that the decoration cor decofaces and decorative surface
19、 and joints between parts of other buildings facing sealing process, required to support the outesued a wall embedded part is inconsistent with the tenderer needs to increase fixed curtain wall structure 16, decorative suration sewing (settlement sewing, and expansion joints,) 15, and After the deta
20、iled design drawings ismine 12, and daughter wall top processing 13, and pan light ming, engineering of tie construction 14, and buildings of deform-re seal blocking 11, and antiund fiate surface advertising) 9 to spring glass door 10, and concrete structure and curtain wall between of layer between
21、, and aroain canopy, and aluminum Board rain canopy 7, and aluminum Venetian 8, and outdoor advertising (containing roofing and the Sttain wall 4, and stone curtain wall 5, and curtain wall buried pieces 6, and light steel points type glass r2000 scope of this project are: 1, 2, 3 aluminium sheet cu
22、rtain wall of glass curtain wall and the Aluminum plastic Board cur-s and studs GB/T3098.6steel bolts, screw3 SO+(NH)SO+HO=2NHHSO (这是硫酸厂回收SO的反应.先用氨水吸收SO,再242324322用HSO处理: 2NHHSO+HSO= (NH)SO+ 2HO + 2SO 生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO244324424 222循环作原料气) SO+Ca(OH)=CaSO?+HO (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO和CO.可用品红鉴别) 223222SO+Ca(OH)=CaSO+H
23、O 3242CO+2NaOH(过量)=NaCO+HO 2232CO(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO 23CO+Ca(OH)(过量)=CaCO?+HO 22322CO(过量)+Ca(OH)=Ca(HCO) 2232CO+2NaAlO+3HO=2Al(OH)?+NaCO 222323CO+CHONa+HO?CHOH?+NaHCO 2652653SiO+2NaOH=NaSiO+HO (强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃) 2232金属氧化物 1(低价态的还原性: FeO+4HNO=Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO 333222。氧化性: MgO,AlO几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.,一般通过电解制Mg和Al. 2
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