最新高考生物重要知识点总结优秀名师资料.doc
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1、高考生物重要知识点总结高考资源网( ),您身边的高考专家 2013年高考生物重要知识点大总结 101.生物体内的大量元素: C H O N P S K Ca Mg 102.生物群落不包括非生物的物质或能量 103.细胞免疫阶段靶细胞渗透压升高 104. C4植物 叶肉细胞仅进行二氧化碳?C4 (正常) 仅光?活跃的化学能(NADP,ATP) 围管束鞘细胞 C4?CO2?三碳化合物 (无类囊状结构薄膜) ATP + NADP? 辅酶二+ ADP 供氢供能 105.关于基因组的下列哪些说法正确 A(有丝分裂可导致基因重组 B、等位基因分离可以导致基因重组 C.无性生殖可导致基因重组 D(非等位基因
2、自由组合可导致基因重组? 106.判断:西瓜的二倍体、三倍体、四倍体是3个不同的物种 (三倍体是一个品种,与物种无关) 107.生物可遗传变异一般认为有3种 (1)将转基因鲤鱼的四倍体与正常二倍体鲤鱼杂交产生三倍体鱼苗(染色体变异) (2)血红蛋白氨基酸排列顺序发生改变导致血红蛋白病(基因突变) (3)一对表现型正常的夫妇生出一个既白化又色盲的男孩(基因重组) 108.目的基因被误插到受体细胞的非编码区,受体细胞不能表达此性状,而不叫基因重组(插入编码区内叫基因重组) 109.判断(1)不同种群的生物肯定不属于同一物种(例:上海动物园中的猿猴和峨眉山上的猿猴是同一物种不是同一群落) (2)隔离
3、是形成新物种的必要条件? (3)在物种形成过程中必须有地理隔离和生殖隔离(不一定有地理隔离,只需生殖隔离即可) 109.达尔文认为生命进化是由突变、淘汰、遗传造成的 110.生态系统的主要功能是物质循环和能量流动 111.水分过多或过少都会影响生物的生长和发育 112.种群的数量特征:出生率、死亡率、性别组成、年龄组成 113.基因分离定律:等位基因的分离 自由组合定律:非同源染色体非等位基因自由组合 连锁定律 114.河流生态系统的生物群落和无机自然界物由于质循环和能量流动能够 较长时间的保持动态平衡 115.乔木层? 灌木层? 由上到下分布 草本层? 而为了适应环境乔木耐受光照的能力最强,
4、当光照强度渐强时叶片相对含水量变化不大 欢迎广大教师踊跃来稿,稿酬丰厚。personal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their
5、 own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being
6、a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, to do as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and
7、essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the partys political awareness, awareness of overall, core,
8、par. In learning education in the, each members are to control told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified four to
9、ld four has this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of th
10、e decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and political一、 生物学中常见化学元素及作用: 2+2+1、Ca:人体缺之会患骨软化病,血液中Ca含量低会引起抽搐,过高则会引起肌无力。血液中的Ca具有2+促进血液凝固的作用,如果用柠檬酸钠或草酸钠除掉血液中的Ca,血液就不会发生凝
11、固。属于植物中不能再得用元素,一旦缺乏,幼嫩的组织会受到伤害。 2、Fe:血红蛋白的组成成分,缺乏会患缺铁性贫血。血红蛋白中的Fe是二价铁,三价铁是不能利用的。属于植物中不能再得用元素,一旦缺乏,幼嫩的组织会受到伤害。 3、Mg:叶绿体的组成元素。很多酶的激活剂。植物缺镁时老叶易出现叶脉失绿。 4、B:促进花粉的萌发和花粉管的伸长,缺乏植物会出现花而不实。 5、I:甲状腺激素的成分,缺乏幼儿会患呆小症,成人会患地方性甲状腺肿。 6、K:血钾含量过低时,会出现心肌的自动节律异常,并导致心律失常。 7、N:N是构成叶绿素、ATP、蛋白质和核酸的必需元素。N在植物体内形成的化合物都是不稳定的或易溶于
12、水的,故N在植物体内可以自由移动,缺N时,幼叶可向老叶吸收N而导致老叶先黄。N是一种容易造成水域生态系统富营养化的一种化学元素,在水域生态系统中,过多的N与P配合会造成富营养化,在淡(水生态系统中的富营养化称为“水华”,在海洋生态系统中的富营养化称为“赤潮”。动物体内缺N,实(际就是缺少氨基酸,就会影响到动物体的生长发育。 8、P:P是构成磷脂、核酸和ATP的必需元素。植物体内缺P,会影响到DNA的复制和RNA的转录,从而影响到植物的生长发育。P还参与植物光合作用和呼吸作用中的能量传递过程,因为ATP和ADP中都含有磷酸。P也是容易造成水域生态系统富营养化的一种元素。植物缺P时老叶易出现茎叶暗
13、绿或呈紫红色,生育期延迟。 9、Zn:是某些酶的组成成分,也是酶的活化中心。如催化吲哚和丝氨酸合成色氨酸的酶中含有Zn,没有Zn就不能合成吲哚乙酸。所以缺Zn引起苹果、桃等植物的小叶症和丛叶症,叶子变小,节间缩短。 二、生物学中常用的试剂: 1、斐林试剂: 成分:0.1g/ml NaOH(甲液)和0.05g/ml CuSO(乙液)。用法:将斐林试剂甲液和乙液4等体积混合,再将混合后的斐林试剂倒入待测液,水浴加热或直接加热,如待测液中存在还原糖,则呈砖红色。 2、班氏糖定性试剂:为蓝色溶液。和葡萄糖混合后沸水浴会出现砖红色沉淀。用于尿糖的测定。 3、双缩脲试剂:成分:0.1g/ml NaOH(甲
14、液)和0.01g/ml CuSO(乙液)。用法:向待测液中先加入2ml4甲液,摇匀,再向其中加入34滴乙液,摇匀。如待测中存在蛋白质,则呈现紫色。 4、苏丹?:用法:取苏丹?颗粒溶于95%的酒精中,摇匀。用于检测脂肪。可将脂肪染成橘黄色(被苏丹?染成红色)。 5、二苯胺:用于鉴定DNA。DNA遇二苯胺(沸水浴)会被染成蓝色。 6、甲基绿:用于鉴定DNA。DNA遇甲基绿(常温)会被染成蓝绿色。 7、50%的酒精溶液:在脂肪鉴定中,用苏丹?染液染色,再用50%的酒精溶液洗去浮色。 8、75%的酒精溶液:用于杀菌消毒,75%的酒精能渗入细胞内,使蛋白质凝固变性。低于这个浓度,酒精的渗透脱水作用减弱,
15、杀菌力不强;而高于这个浓度,则会使细菌表面蛋白质迅速脱水,凝固成膜,妨碍酒精透入,削弱杀菌能力。75,的酒精溶液常用于手术前、打针、换药、针灸前皮肤脱碘消毒以及机械消毒等。 9、95%的酒精溶液:冷却的体积分数为95%的酒精可用于凝集DNA。 1 1 personal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around to
16、pics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party
17、 rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, to do as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the
18、unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This study and educat
19、ion, is essential to enhance the partys political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has c
20、onduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified four told four has this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI
21、 General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and political高考资源网( ),您身边的高考专家 10、
22、15%的盐酸:和95%的酒精溶液等体积混合可用于解离根尖。 11、龙胆紫溶液:(浓度为0.01g/ml或0.02g/ml)用于染色体着色,可将染色体染成紫色,通常染色35分钟。(也可以用醋酸洋红染色) 3+12、20%的肝脏、3%的过氧化氢、3.5%的氯化铁:用于比较过氧化氢酶和Fe的催化效率。(新鲜的肝脏中含有过氧化氢酶) 13、3%的可溶性淀粉溶液、3%的蔗糖溶液、2%的新鲜淀粉酶溶液:用于探索淀粉酶对淀粉和蔗糖的作用实验。 14、碘液:用于鉴定淀粉的存在。遇淀粉变蓝。 15、丙酮:用于提取叶绿体中的色素。 16、层析液:(成分:20份石油醚、2份丙酮、和1份苯混合而成,也可用93号汽油)
23、可用于色素的层析,即将色素在滤纸上分离开。 17、二氧化硅:在色素的提取的分离实验中研磨绿色叶片时加入,可使研磨充分。 18、碳酸钙:研磨绿色叶片时加入,可中和有机酸,防止在研磨时叶绿体中的色素受破坏。 19、0.3g/mL的蔗糖溶液:相当于30%的蔗糖溶液,比植物细胞液的浓度大,可用于质壁分离实验。 20、0.1g/mL的柠檬酸钠溶液:与鸡血混合,防凝血。 21、氯化钠溶液:?可用于溶解DNA。当氯化钠浓度为2mol/L、 0.015mol/L时DNA的溶解度最高,在氯化钠浓度为0.14 mol/L时,DNA溶解度最高。?浓度为0.9%时可作为生理盐水。 22、胰蛋白酶:?可用来分解蛋白质;
24、?可用于动物细胞培养时分解组织使组织细胞分散。 23、秋水仙素:人工诱导多倍体试剂。用于萌发的种子或幼苗,可使染色体组加倍,原理是可抑制正在分裂的细胞纺锤体的形成。 24、氯化钙:增加细菌细胞壁的通透性(用于基因工程的转化,使细胞处于感受态) 三、生物学中常见的物理、化学、生物方法及用途: 1、致癌因子:物理因子:电离辐射、X射线、紫外线等。 化学因子:砷、苯、煤焦油 病毒因子:肿瘤病毒或致癌病毒,已发现150多种病毒致癌。 2、基因诱变:物理因素:射线、射线、紫外线、激光 化学因素:亚硝酸、硫酸二乙酯 3、细胞融合:物理方法:离心、振动、电刺激 化学方法:PEG(聚乙二醇) 生物方法:灭活病
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