最新生物-高中生物选修1知识点总结优秀名师资料.doc
《最新生物-高中生物选修1知识点总结优秀名师资料.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《最新生物-高中生物选修1知识点总结优秀名师资料.doc(47页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、生物-高中生物选修1知识点总结高中生物选修1生物技术实践知识点总结 专题一传统发酵技术的应用 课题一果酒和果醋的制作 1、发酵:通过微生物技术的培养来生产大量代谢产物的过程。 2、有氧发酵:醋酸发酵谷氨酸发酵?无氧发酵:酒精发酵乳酸发酵 3、酵母菌是兼性厌氧菌型微生物真菌?酵母菌的生殖方式:出芽生殖(主要)分裂生殖孢子生殖 4、在有氧条件下,酵母菌进行有氧呼吸,大量繁殖。CHO,6O?6CO,6HO 61262225、在无氧条件下,酵母菌能进行酒精发酵。CHO?2CHOH,2CO 61262526、20?左右最适宜酵母菌繁殖酒精发酵时一般将温度控制在18?-25? 7、在葡萄酒自然发酵的过程中
2、,起主要作用的是附着在葡萄皮表面的野生型酵母菌.在发酵过程中,随着酒精浓度的提高,红葡萄皮的色素也进入发酵液,使葡萄酒呈现深红色.在缺氧呈酸性的发酵液中,酵母菌可以生长繁殖,而绝大多数其他微生物都因无法适应这一环境而受到制约。 8、醋酸菌是单细胞细菌(原核生物),代谢类型是异养需氧型,生殖方式为二分裂 9、当氧气、糖源都充足时,醋酸菌将葡萄汁中的糖分解成醋酸;当缺少糖源时,醋酸菌将乙醇变为乙醛,再将乙醛变为醋酸。2CHOH,4O?CHCOOH,6HO 2523210、控制发酵条件的作用?醋酸菌对氧气的含量特别敏感,当进行深层发酵时,即使只是短时间中断通入氧气,也会引起醋酸菌死亡。?醋酸菌最适生
3、长温度为30,35?,控制好发酵温度,使发酵时间缩短,又减少杂菌污染的机会。?有两条途径生成醋酸:直接氧化和以酒精为底物的氧化。 11、实验流程:挑选葡萄?冲洗?榨汁?酒精发酵?果酒(?醋酸发酵?果醋) 12、酒精检验:果汁发酵后是否有酒精产生,可以用重铬酸钾来检验。在酸性条件下,重铬酸钾与酒精反应呈现灰绿色。先在试管中加入发酵液2,L,再滴入物质的credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (inclu
4、ding) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the M
5、arketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February
6、1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Banks Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending
7、 practices, according to the Peoples Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal
8、 person units to provide security for the loan, granted 量浓度为3mol/L的HSO3滴,振荡混匀,最后滴加常温下饱和的重铬酸钾溶液324滴,振荡试管,观察颜色 13、充气口是在醋酸发酵时连接充气泵进行充气用的;排气口是在酒精发酵时用来排出二氧化碳的;出料口是用来取样的。排气口要通过一个长而弯曲的胶管与瓶身相连接,其目的是防止空气中微生物的污染。开口向下的目的是有利于二氧化碳的排出。使用该装置制酒时,应该关闭充气口;制醋时,应该充气口连接气泵,输入氧气。 疑难解答 (1)你认为应该先冲洗葡萄还是先除去枝梗,为什么, 应该先冲洗,然后再除去
9、枝梗,以避免除去枝梗时引起葡萄破损,增加被杂菌污染的机会。 (2)你认为应该从哪些方面防止发酵液被污染, 如:要先冲洗葡萄,再除去枝梗;榨汁机、发酵装置要清洗干净,并进行酒精消毒;每次排气时只需拧松瓶盖,不要完全揭开瓶盖等。 (3)制葡萄酒时,为什么要将温度控制在18,25?,制葡萄醋时,为什么要将温度控制在30,35?, 温度是酵母菌生长和发酵的重要条件。20?左右最适合酵母菌的繁殖。因此需要将温度控制在其最适温度范围内。而醋酸菌是嗜温菌,最适生长温度为30,35?,因此要将温度控制在30,35?。 课题二腐乳的制作 1、多种微生物参与了豆腐的发酵,如青霉、酵母、曲霉、毛霉等,其中起主要作用
10、的是毛霉。毛霉是一种丝状真菌。代谢类型是异养需氧型。生殖方式是孢子生殖。营腐生生活。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matchin
11、g service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Th
12、ird, in case of problems during the implementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Banks Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Ann
13、ex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the Peoples Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws
14、 and regulations of the interim measures for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 2、原理:毛霉等微生物产生的蛋白酶能将豆腐中的蛋白质分解成小分子的肽和氨基酸;脂肪酶可将脂肪水解为甘油和脂肪酸。 3、实验流程:让豆腐上长出毛霉?加盐腌制
15、?加卤汤装瓶?密封腌制 4、酿造腐乳的主要生产工序是将豆腐进行前期发酵和后期发酵。 前期发酵的主要作用:1.创造条件让毛霉生长。2.使毛酶形成菌膜包住豆腐使腐乳成型。 后期发酵主要是酶与微生物协同参与生化反应的过程。通过各种辅料与酶的缓解作用,生成腐乳的香气。 5、将豆腐切成3cm3cm1cm的若干块。所用豆腐的含水量为70,左右,水分过多则腐乳不易成形。*水分测定方法如下:精确称取经研钵研磨成糊状的样品5,10g(精确到0.02mg),置于已知重量的蒸发皿中,均匀摊平后,在100,105?电热干燥箱内干燥4h,取出后置于干燥器内冷却至室温后称重,然后再烘30min,直至所称重量不变为止。 样
16、品水分含量(%)计算公式如下: (烘干前容器和样品质量-烘干后容器和样品质量)/烘干前样品质量 ?毛霉的生长:条件:将豆腐块平放在笼屉内,将笼屉中的控制在15,18?,并保持一定的温度。 来源:1.来自空气中的毛霉孢子,2.直接接种优良毛霉菌种 时间:5天 ?加盐腌制:将长满毛霉的豆腐块分层整齐地摆放在瓶中,同时逐层加盐,随着层数的加高而增加盐量,接近瓶口表面的盐要铺厚一些。加盐腌制的时间约为8天左右。 ?用盐腌制时,注意控制盐的用量:盐的浓度过低,不足以抑制微生物的生长,可能导致豆腐腐败变质;盐的浓度过高会影响腐乳的口味 ?食盐的作用:1.抑制微生物的生长,避免腐败变质2.析出水分,是豆腐变
17、硬,在后credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment me
18、thod; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the application shall be submitted to the head of the Marketing Department for review, processing through the examination and approval procedures of repayment. (11) defined the offence. Third, in case of problems during the imp
19、lementation process, please contact Head division. Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed management qilu Bank b o February 1, 11 key words: retail banking guarantee loan management of qilu Banks Office issued on February 1, 2011 Proofreading: Liu Debao Annex: qilu Bank personal loans guaranteed
20、 Management chapter I General provisions article to promote personal loans guaranteed business development, standardized lending practices, according to the Peoples Republic of China on commercial banks and the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other laws and regulations of the interim measure
21、s for the administration of personal loans, these measures are formulated. Individual guarantee article II is a natural or legal person units to provide security for the loan, granted 期制作过程中不易酥烂3.调味作用,给腐乳以必要的咸味4.浸提毛酶菌丝上的蛋白酶。 ?配制卤汤:卤汤直接关系到腐乳的色、香、味。卤汤是由酒及各种香辛料配制而成的。卤汤中酒的含量一般控制在12%左右。 ?酒的作用:1.防止杂菌污染以防腐
22、2.与有机酸结合形成酯,赋予腐乳风味3.酒精含量的高低与腐乳后期发酵时间的长短有很大关系,酒精含量越高,对蛋白酶的抑制作用也越大,使腐乳成熟期延长;酒精含量过低,蛋白酶的活性高,加快蛋白质的水解,杂菌繁殖快,豆腐易腐败,难以成块。 ?香辛料的作用:1.调味作用2.杀菌防腐作用3.参与并促进发酵过程 ?防止杂菌污染:?用来腌制腐乳的玻璃瓶,洗刷干净后要用沸水消毒。?装瓶时,操作要迅速小心。整齐地摆放好豆腐、加入卤汤后,要用胶条将瓶口密封。封瓶时,最好将瓶口通过酒精灯的火焰,防止瓶口被污染。 疑难解答 (1)利用所学的生物学知识,解释豆腐长白毛是怎么一回事, 豆腐生长的白毛是毛霉的白色菌丝。严格地
23、说是直立菌丝,在豆腐中还有匍匐菌丝。 (2)为什么要撒许多盐,将长毛的豆腐腌起来, 盐能防止杂菌污染,避免豆腐腐败。 (3)我们平常吃的豆腐,哪种适合用来做腐乳, 含水量为70%左右的豆腐适于作腐乳。用含水量高的豆腐制作腐乳,不易成形。 (4)吃腐乳时,你会发现腐乳外部有一层致密的“皮”。这层“皮”是怎样形成的呢,它对人体有害吗,它的作用是什么, “皮”是前期发酵时在豆腐表面上生长的菌丝(匍匐菌丝),对人体无害。它能形成腐乳的“体”,使腐乳成形。 credit management: clear conditions and requirements for loan extension. (
24、10) recovery and disposal: 1 term in a year (including) within the loan, in addition to the monthly interest payment, due in principal repayment options, you can also select a matching service, equal principal repayment method; 2, Client Manager after receiving and reviewing early repayment of the a
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 最新 生物 高中生物 选修 知识点 总结 优秀 名师 资料
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-1415827.html