最新高中生物会考知识点总结新人教必修三优秀名师资料.doc
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1、高中生物会考知识点总结新人教必修三生物必修3复习提纲 第一章 人体的内环境与稳态 1、细胞生活的环境 (1)人体细胞必须通过内环境才能与外界环境进行物质和能量交换。 (2)内环境的组成: 细胞内液 血浆 体液 细胞外液 组织液(是体内大多数细胞直接生活的环境,为细胞提供营养物质) (内环境) 淋巴 (有大量的淋巴细胞和吞噬细胞,协助机体抵御疾病) (3)内环境的作用:是细胞与外界环境进行物质交换的媒介: 细胞可直接与内环境进行物质交换,不断获取生命活动需要的物质,同时不断排出代谢产生的废物。内环境与外界环境的物质交换过程,需要体内各个器官系统的参与。 (4)细胞外液的理化性质:本质是种盐溶液,
2、类似于海水。 渗透压:770kpa,相当于0.9的生理盐水 PH:7.357.45 2、内环境稳态的重要性 (1)概念:正常机体通过调节作用,使各个器官、系统协调活动,共同维持内环境的相对稳定的状态叫做稳态。 (2)稳态主要调节机制:神经体液免疫调节网络 (3)意义:是机体进行正常生命活动的必要条件。 (4)生物体维持PH稳定机制的实验。(见书9) 第二章 动物和人体生命活动的调节 1、通过神经系统的调节 (1)、反射:是神经系统的基本活动方式。是指在中枢神经系统参与下,动物体或人体对内外环境变化作出的规律性应答。 (2)反射弧:是反射活动的结构基础和功能单位。 感受器 包括(感受器、传入神经
3、、神经中枢、传出神经和效应器) 2、 兴奋在神经纤维上的传导 (1) 兴奋:指动物体或人体内的某些组织(如神经组织)或细胞感受外界刺激后,由相对静止状态变为显著活跃状态的过程。 效应器 (2) 兴奋是以电信号的形式沿着神经纤维传导的,这种电信号也叫神经冲动。 (3) 兴奋的传导过程:静息状态时,细胞膜电位外正内负?受到刺激,兴奋状态时,细胞膜电位为外负内正 (4) 兴奋部位与未兴奋部位间由于电位差的存在形成局部电流(膜外:未兴奋部位?兴奋部位;while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with t
4、he previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditi
5、ons and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irri
6、gation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, a
7、ir, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the re
8、st take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60
9、mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirem
10、ents, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 膜内:兴奋部位?未兴奋部位) (5) 兴奋的传导的方向:双向 3、 兴奋在神经元之间的传递: (1)神经元之间的兴奋传递就是通过突触实现的 突触:包括突触前膜、突触间隙、突触后膜 (2)兴奋的传递方向:由于神经递质只存在于突触小体的突触小泡内,所以兴奋在神经元之间 (即在突触处)的传递是单向的,只能是:突触前膜?突触间隙?突触后膜 (上个神经元的轴突?下个神经元
11、的细胞体或树突) 4、 激素调节的发现 (1) 促胰液素是人们发现的第一种激素。 (2) 概念:由内分泌器官(或细胞)分泌的化学物质进行调节,这就是激素调节。 (3) 人体主要内分泌腺及其分泌的激素 激素分泌部位 激素名称 激素分泌部位 激素名称 下丘脑 促甲状腺激素释放激素等 胰岛 胰岛素、胰高血糖素 垂体 生长激素 卵巢 雌性激素等 促甲状腺激素等 睾丸 雄性激素 甲状腺 甲状腺激素 胸腺 胸腺激素 肾上腺 肾上腺素等 5、 激素调节的实例:血糖平衡的调节 血糖含量升高 反馈调节:在一个系统中,系统本? ? 身工作的效果,反过来又作为信息胰岛B细胞 胰高血糖素 调节该系统的工作,这种调节方
12、式 ?分泌 ?分泌 叫反馈调节。 胰岛素 胰岛A细胞 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irriga
13、tion. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less
14、 than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the micro
15、climate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigat
16、ion, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a we
17、ek to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark
18、green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 反馈调节是生命系统中非常普遍的调节机制,它对于机体维持稳态具有重要意义。 ? ? 血糖含量降低 6、激素调节和神经调节的特点及比较 比较项目 神经调节 体液调
19、节 作用途径 反射弧 体液运输 反应速度 迅速 较缓慢 作用范围 准确、比较局限 较广泛 作用时间 短暂 比较长 7、 两种调节方式的协调关系: 一方面不少内分泌腺本身直接或间接地受中枢神经系统的调节,在这种情况下,体液调节可以看作神经调节的一个环节。 另一方面,内分泌腺所分泌的激素也可以影响神经系统的发育和功能,如幼年是甲状腺激素缺乏(如缺碘),就会影响脑的发育;成年时,甲状腺激素分泌不足会使神经系统的兴奋性降低。 8、免疫调节: 免疫器官(免疫细胞生成、成熟或集中的场所)第一道防线 免疫 免疫细胞:吞噬细胞、淋巴细胞(T细胞:在胸腺中成熟,B细胞(在骨髓中成熟) 系 统 第三道防线 免疫活
20、性物质:抗体、淋巴因子、溶菌酶等第二道防线 9、艾滋病的发病机理、症状、死因 发病机理:HIV侵入人体后与T淋巴细胞相结合,破坏T淋巴细胞,使免疫调节受到抑制,并逐渐使得人体的免疫系统瘫痪、功能瓦解,最终使得人体无法抵抗其他病菌、病毒的入侵,或发生恶性肿瘤而死亡。直接死因往往是由念珠菌、肺囊虫等多种病原体引起的严重感染或恶性肿瘤等疾病。 10、自身免疫病:由于免疫系统异常敏感、反应过度,将自身物质当作外来异物进行攻击而引起。如类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮。 过敏:指已产生免疫的机体,在再次接受相同的抗原时所发生的组织损伤或功能紊乱。特点是反应迅速、强烈、消退较快,一般不会破坏组织细胞,也不会
21、引起组织严重损伤,有遗传倾向。 11、体液调节的大致过程 ? 体液免疫 特异性结合 (少数抗原) 抗体 抗原 吞噬细胞 T细胞 B细胞 效应B细胞 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements in用心 爱心 专心 crease at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also
22、causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same
23、period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only ca
24、n add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant mate
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