最新七科联考-系统解剖学--解剖-脑干-PPT文档.ppt
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1、 Section 2 脑 Brain,Brain contains almost 98% of bodys neural tissue, average weight about l,400 grams and is composed of an estimated 100 billion neurons.,Although it accounts for only 2% of a persons body weight, brain receives approximately 20% of total resting cardiac output (about 750 2100 ml of
2、 blood per minute ).,Brain needs a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients. So a failure of cerebral circulation for as short an interval as 10 seconds causes unconsciousness., Brain is divided into four principal parts: 脑干 Brain stem consists of medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Its lower end
3、 is continuous with spinal cord. 小脑 Cerebellum lies behind pons and medulla oblongata.,间脑 Diencephalon consists primarily of hypothalamus and thalamus; and over it spreads. 端脑Telencephalon.,Part 1. 脑干 Brain Stem, 基本要求 掌握脑干的组成及各部的主要结构;脑神经核的名称、位置、纤维联系、性质和功能;脑干内非脑神经核的名称,位置与性质;脑干内长的上、下行纤维束名称、起始、终止、性,质、各
4、纤维束交叉的部位。 熟悉第四脑室的位置、境界,脉络组织、脉络丛的概念。 了解网状结构,脑干各代表平面的结构与损伤后的表现。,Brain stem is stalk like part of brain, which connects cerebrum, cerebellum with spinal cord.,Optic tract serves as rostral boundary of brain stem, which separates it from diencephalon. Plane corresponding to level of foramen magnum serve
5、s to separate it from spinal cord.,On ventral aspect, two distinct transverse grooves just above superior border and below inferior border of pons demarcate three parts of brain stem, from below upwards, medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain., I.脑干的外形 External features I)延髓 Medulla oblongata is most
6、caudal part of brain,stem. Its ventral surface rests upon basilar portion of occipital bone, while its dorsal surface is in large part covered by cerebellum. Fissure and sulci presented in spinal cord extend upwards in medulla oblongata and a series of rootlets of cranial nerves enter or leave throu
7、gh these fissure or sulci., 1.腹侧面 Ventral surface 锥体 Pyramid on each side of anterior median fissure is,an oblongated elevation, contain corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. 锥体交叉 Decussation of pyramid formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract. 前外侧沟 Anterolateral sulcus rootlets of hypoglossal n.
8、 ( XII ) emerge from it.,橄榄 Olive posterolateral to pyramid is an oval elevation, produced by underlying inferior olivary nucleus. 橄榄后沟 Retroolivary sulcus rootlets of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory n. ( IX, X, XI ) emerge from it., 2.背侧面 Dorsal surface 1)Lower portion: 薄结节 Gracile tubercle p
9、roduced by underlying gracile nucleus at lower angle of fourth ventricle. 楔结节 Cuneate tubercle marks site of cuneate nucleus lateral and adjacent to Gracile tubercle. 小脑下脚 Inferior cerebellar peduncle a thick rounded ridge, rostral to,gracileand cuneate tubercles. 2)Upper portion: forms lower half o
10、f rhomboid fossa., II)脑桥 Pons interposes between midbrain and medulla oblongata. It rests upon dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone and adjacent basilar part of occipital b 1. Ventral surface 基底部 Basilar part huge,ventral swelling , contain both longitudinal and transverse fibers intermixed with pontine n
11、uclei. 基底沟 Basilar sulcus a marked shallow median groove on ventral surface of pons, in which basilar artery is lodged.,延髓脑桥沟 Bulbopontine sulcus from medial to lateral, abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear n. (VI, VII, VIII) appear.小脑中脚 Middle cerebellar peduncle is formed by transverse fibers of
12、 basilar part that converge on each side into a compact mass.,三叉神经 Trigeminal n. (V) consisting of a smaller superomedial motor root, and a large inferolateral sensory root, emerges from junction of basilar part and middle cerebellar peduncle. 脑桥小脑三角 Pontocerebellar trigone lies junction of medulla,
13、 pons and cerebellum., 2. Dorsal surface 小脑上脚 Superior cerebellar peduncle are two prominent along lateral borders of fourth ventricle. 前髓帆 Superior medullary velum a thin lamina of,white matter between two superior cerebellar peduncles. 滑车神经 Trochlear n. (IV) emerge from superior medullary velum. 3
14、.菱形窝 Rhomboid fossa is floor of fourth ventricle and is rhomboidal in shape. It is formed by posterior surface of both pons and open part of medulla oblongata.,Its boundaries are superior cerebellar peduncles, inferior cerebellar peduncles, and cuneate and gracile tubercles from above downwards.,Of
15、the four angles to rhomboid fossa, two are laterally placed; caudal angle of rhomboid fossa is continuous with central canal in closed part of medulla oblongata, rostral angle with mesencephalic aqueduct of midbrain. 髓纹 Striae medullares divide rhomboid fossa into pontine and medullary parts.,正中沟 Me
16、dian sulcus divide rhomboid fossa into symmetrical halves. 内侧隆起 Medial eminence a ridge on each side of median sulcus. 界沟 Sulcus limitans bound medial eminence laterally.,蓝斑 Locus ceruleus adjacent to top of sulcus limitans there is a depression that presents bluish-grey in colour. 面神经丘 Facial colli
17、culus is a rounded swelling at middle of medial eminence and overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve.,舌下神经三角 Hypoglossal triangle is a medial triangular area on each side of median sulcus verlying hypoglossal nucleus. 迷走神经三角 Vagal triangle is a lateral triangular area on each side o
18、f median sulcus and overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus n,前庭区 Vestibular area is a triangular field lateral to sulcus limitans and overlies vestibular nuclei. 听结节 Acoustic tubercle lies lateral angle of vestibular area overlying dorsal cochlear nucleus., 4.第四脑室Fourth ventricle 1)Position: Situated vent
19、ral to cerebellum, and dorsal to pons and cranial half of medulla.,2)Boundaries: Inferolateral: gracile and cuneate tubercles, inferior cerebellar peduncle; Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle; Roof: Anterior part formed by superior cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum;,Posterior
20、 part formed by inferior medullary velum and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle; Floor: rhomboid fossa. There are three apertures, one median aperture (正中孔) and two lateral apertures (外侧孔) of fourth ventricle, opening into subarachnoid space., III)中脑 Midbrain is shortest part of brain stem. It conne
21、cts pons and cerebellum with cerebrum. 1. Ventral surface,大脑脚 Cerebral peduncle a pair of longitudinal columns. 0n transverse sections, it is semilunar in shape and termed crus cerebri (大脑脚底 ), which consists of descending fibers from cerebral cortex.,Pyramidal tract occupies middle 3/5; Frontoponti
22、ne tract occupies medial l/5, and Corticopontine tract from temporal, parietal and occipital lobes occupies lateral l/5 of crus cerebri.,脚间窝 Interpeduncular fossa a deep depression bounded by cerebral peduncles, oculomotor nerves ( III ) emerge from medial of crus cerebri. 中脑水管Mesencephalic aqueduct
23、 passes through midbrain and serves to connect third ventricle above with fourth ventricle below., 2. Dorsal surface 上丘 Superior colliculus two rounded eminences constitute centers for visual reflexes. 下丘 Inferior colliculus two rounded eminences , associated with auditory pathway.,上丘臂 Brachium of s
24、uperior colliculi a ridge between superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body. 下丘臂 Brachium of inferior colliculi a ridge between inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body., Position of Cranial nerves emerge from Brain stem, 12 pairs Cranial Nerves connected to brain, II.脑干的内部结构 Internal st
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