2017神经解剖学研究方法ppt课件.ppt
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1、What is Neuroscience?,The study of the nervous system including the brain, the spinal cord, and networks of neurons, advances the understanding of human thought, emotion, and behavior. Humans contain roughly 100 billion neurons, which communicate with each other by sending electrical signals long di
2、stances and then releasing neurotransmitters which cross synapses.,Neuroscience a recognized discipline characterized by:,A unified field that integrates biology, chemistry, and physics with studies of structure, physiology, and behavior, including human emotional and cognitive functions. Neuroscien
3、tists come from many different disciplines including psychology, zoology, physics, anthropology, biology, chemistry, physiology, and philosophy. A diverse educational background will provide the most important skill of all: how to ask questions.,Neuroscience Researchers?,Molecular biologists isolate
4、 and describe the genes that produce the proteins important to neuron function. Neuroanatomists study the structure and organization of the nervous system. Developmental neuroscientists study how the brain grows and changes. They define chemicals and processes neurons use to seek out and connect wit
5、h other neurons and maintain connections. Cognitive neuroscientists study functions such as perception and memory in animals by using behavioral methods and other neuroscience techniques. In humans, they use non-invasive brain scans - such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imagi
6、ng - to uncover routes of neural processing that occur during language, problem solving and other tasks.,Neuroscience Research?,Behavioral neuroscientists study the processes underlying behavior in humans and in animals. Their tools include microelectrodes and brain scans. Advanced computer systems
7、are enabling neuroscientists to devise models of neurons and their connections in the brain - how humans perform complex tasks. Clinical neuroscientists psychiatrists, neurologists and other medical specialists use basic research findings to develop diagnostic methods and ways to prevent and treat n
8、eurological disorders that affect millions of people.,Neuroscientists work to:,Describe the human brain and how it functions normally. (现象) Determine how the nervous system develops, matures and maintains itself through life (本质). Find ways to prevent or cure many devastating neurological and psychi
9、atric disorders (干预).,Challenges for the Future (in 2005),What are the methods for early detection of neurological disorders such as Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease and for mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression? What are the causes of these illnesses? What are the cures? Ho
10、w can we help nerves regenerate? Can we cure spinal cord injuries? Can we transplant or replace parts of the brain? What causes chronic pain? What is the best way to treat pain? How can we tap into our endogenous pain inhibitory system? What are the mechanisms of addiction? Are there better ways to
11、treat addictions? How are memories formed, stored and lost? What are better ways to image the living brain?,Challenges for the Future,What is the neurological basis of emotions such as anger, happiness and sadness? What are the differences in the brains of men and women and what do these differences
12、 mean? How does experience and learning affect the brain and how can we use this information to improve our daily lives? What are the neurological mechanisms of “alternative medicine“ treatments such as acupuncture, herbal therapy and hypnosis and how can these methods be used to treat nervous syste
13、m disorders? Why do we sleep and how can we shift our internal body clocks? What is consciousness?,21世纪神经生物学可望取得突破性进展的5个新领域,脑动态神经元功能成像研究,如果能动态显示在不同脑功能状态下每个神经元的兴奋过程,相当于将脑功能成像与无创性单神经元记录相结合,则对人脑功能活动的认识将更加深入。 目前脑的功能成像的空间分辨率为毫米级,时间分辨率为秒级,远远不能满足脑功能研究的需要。神经元胞体的大小约为20一40微米 如果CT的空间分辨率再提高至l0微米的近微米数量级,就可以“看见”单
14、个的神经元。目前工业CT已能达到10微米的分辨率。由于采用电子束扫描技术代替机械扫描,在时间分辨率方面已由每帧1OO秒提高到50ms/帧达到近毫秒级水平。 如果医学CT能采用工业CT的一系列先进技术如CCD集成电路检测技术,双能电子束扫描技术等,有可能将空间和时间分辩率再提高一个数量级达到微米和的ms/帧水平(动态显微CT)。,已经知道,胞外钙离子浓度为10-4mo1/L 而胞内钙离子浓度为10-2 molL,二者相差100倍,当神经元兴奋时,钙离子通道开放,胞内钙在短暂的数百微秒之内可增高达1000倍左右,但由于钙泵前作用胞内钙离子浓度很快即恢复至正常水平。 所以用动态的(ms/帧)和显微(
15、微米)CT,再结台双能x线束来检测胞内钙离子浓度的瞬态上升就可以观测脑在不同功能状态下单个神经元的兴奋过程 这样即可以研究在不同外界输入状态下脑内神经元活动的内在模式,以及在思考、记忆、学习时神经元活动的动态时空编码由此提供的大量数据再用电子计算机进行分析处理将对脑功能的研究更加深人。,神经系统多基因病的定位及老年性痴呆发病机理的阐明,随着人口的老龄化老年性痴呆的发病率逐年上升,老年性痴呆已成为21世纪的社会问题。已经知道,老年痴呆是一个多基因的疾病其发病机理至今尚未彻底明了一预期在21世纪这一问题将最终得到解决。,神经系统信息的编码研究,20世纪Adrian研究各种刺激对感受器及单根神经纤维
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