[工学]基于遗传算法pid控制.doc
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1、Genetic algorithm based PID controller design for a multi-area AGC schemein a restructured power systemSandeep Bhongade*1, Barjeev Tyagi*2, H. O. Gupta*3*Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, INDIA*Corresponding Author: e-mail: , Tel +91-1332-285555, Fax.+911332
2、-286691AbstractIn this paper, a multi-area Automatic Generation Control (AGC) scheme suitable in a restructured interconnected powersystem has been proposed. Developed scheme utilizes a proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller to control theoutput of the generators. The parameter of PI
3、D controller has been tuned according to Genetic Algorithm (GA) basedperformance indices. Developed model also include the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units to inject orabsorb the active power of an interconnected power system. The functioning of Genetic Algorithm based PID contro
4、ller hasbeen tested on a 39-bus New England system and 75-bus Indian power system network. The results of GAPID controller havebeen compared with those obtained by using the Least Square Minimization method. Compliance with North American ElectricReliability Council (NERC) standards for AGC has also
5、 been established in this work.Keywords: Genetic Algorithms, Automatic Generation Control, Area control error, Superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES), Control Performance Standards.1. IntroductionIn interconnected power systems the main goal of the AGC is to maintain zero steady state errors
6、for frequency deviation andgood tracking load demands. With time, the operating point of a power system changes and hence, these systems may experiencedeviations in nominal system frequency and scheduled power exchanges to other areas, which may yield undesirable effects. Inconventional AGC model th
7、e variations of frequency and tie-line power exchanges are weighted together by a linear combinationto a single variable called the area control error (ACE). ACE is used as an input to the controller. Many investigations in the areafrequency and tie line control of isolated and interconnected power
8、systems have been reported in the past. The concept ofconventional AGC is discussed in Elgerd et al. (1970) and in Jaleeli et al. (1992).Around the world, the electric power industry has been undergoing reforms from the traditional regulated, vertically integratedutility (VIU) into a competitive, de
9、regulated market. Market deregulation has caused significant changes not only in the generationsector, but also in the power transmission and distribution sectors. A detailed discussion on Load Frequency Control issues inpower system operation after deregulation is reported in Christie and Bose (199
10、6). The load frequency control in a deregulatedelectricity market should be designed to consider different types of possible transactions such as Poolco-based transactions,bilateral transactions, and a combination of these two.After the deregulation of the electricity sector, North American Electric
11、 Reliability Council (NERC) has modified the controlperformance standard (CPS) for AGC. Maojun et al. (2000) have proposed a new AGC logic which is specifically designed towork under NERC performance standards. In Sasaki and Enomoto et al. (2002), the NERC standard to the Japanese power systemand an
12、alyzed the compliance of their AGC scheme to these standards.The reliability of electric power supply during peak load period can be improved by using a battery energy storage system(BES). Energy is stored into the BES during off-peak load period and released from the BES during peak load period. In
13、 Shayeghiet al. (2008) the SMES units in each area of the two-area system for AGC has been considered. With the use of SMES units,frequency deviations in each area are effectively suppressed. However, it may not be economically feasible to use SMES unit inBhongade et al. / International Journal of E
14、ngineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2011, pp. 220-236221every area of a multi-area system. Therefore, it is advantageous if an SMES unit located in an area is available for the control offrequency of other interconnected areas. In Automatic Generation Control (AGC) PID controller is w
15、idely used to control thefrequency and tie-line power. Many researchers (Khamsum et al., 2006; Tyagi et al., 2008) have proposed different methods totune the PID controller; one of them is the least square minimization method. An optimal value of PID controller using LeastSquare Minimization problem
16、 has been proposed in Al-Saggaf et al. (1991). Genetic algorithms are more likely to converge toglobal optima than conventional Least Square Minimization Techniques: since they search from a population of points and arebased on probabilistic transition rules. This minimization technique is ordinaril
17、y based on gradient descent methods, which, bydefinition, will only find local optima. Genetic algorithms can also tolerate discontinuities and noisy function evaluations. In thepresent work effect of SMES unit and GRC are also included. This introduces the non-linearity in the system for such a sys
18、temconventional minimization technique does not give the effective results. Therefore, GA based PID controller tuning is consideredin the present work.In this work, first a multi-area AGC scheme suitable in a restructured power system has been developed then a GeneticAlgorithm based PID (GAPID) cont
19、roller has been proposed for this multi area AGC scheme. The proposed method of controllertuning implemented in an interconnected two areas and four area power systems. MATLAB SIMULINK has been used forsimulation studies. By minimizing the fitness function we get the optimal parameters of PID contro
20、ller. Integral of the square ofthe area control error (ISACE) have been utilized to select the fitness function for genetic algorithm. The population size 50 hasbeen chosen for genetic algorithm to obtain the optimal values of PID controller.The proposed GAPID based AGC scheme has been tested on a p
21、ractical 39-bus New England system divided into two controlareas and a 75-bus Indian power system divided into four control areas. A deregulated electricity market scenario has beenassumed in both systems. The effect of generator rate constraint (GRC) has also been considered in the multi area AGC m
22、odel. Acombination of bilateral transactions and Poolco-based transactions has been considered, and it has been assumed that both thegenerators and the consumers are participating in the frequency regulation market. Simulation results show that the proposedGAPID Controller complies with NERCs standa
23、rds. The performance studies have been carried out by using the MATLABSIMULINK for transactions within and across the control area boundaries.2. System ModelingElectricity reforms are being brought to introduce commercial incentives in generation, transmission, distribution and retailing ofelectrici
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