[文学研究]C2 美国文学 殖民地时期 ---现代主义诗歌.doc
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1、20111013 Thursday整个文学脉络美国:1. The literature of colonial America (1590-1750)2. The literature of Reason and Revolution (the war of Independence 1750 - 1810) 3. Romanticism (1810 - 1860 civil war)4. Realism and naturalism (latter half of 19th cen.)5. 20th century literature 1. Literature in stage I/ I
2、INot wonderful , no special featuresSimple literary works: personal letters, historical records, journals, sermons, political pamphletsserved for the religious and political purposeStyle: followed the example of its English counterparte.g. Franklin Key points:the first American writer, the father of
3、 American poetrythe first important American writerPuritanism features/ influences Franklin Autobiography the American dream 3. Romanticism (1810 - 1860 civil war)From the end of the 18th century (after the War for Independence ) through the outbreak of the Civil War.(1798 the preface of Lyrical Bal
4、lads-1832 the death of Scott) a. 1st phase: Early Romanticismnovel -Irving (local events ) Cooper (the West) poetry- Bryant, Poe (rose to the same level of its English literature to some degree)b. 2nd phase: New England Renaissance (summit)developed its distinct style and form optimism Transcendenta
5、lism Emerson/ Thoreau; pessimism ( Hawthorne, Melville) Irving: position, The Sketch Booktwo masterpiecesmain ideas, theme, etc., his attitude towards the change and European cultureCooper:The frontier Saga Central figure features, special image of IndiansPermanent theme: desire for an escape from s
6、ociety and a return to nature= conventionBryant: Title, masterpiecesimilarity with WordsworthPoe:Writing principle:Brevity, beauty; Unity of Effect or AtmosphereVs Oscar Wildes Aesthetic movementFavorite topics/tone: Masterpiece:Poetry: To Helen, Annabel Lee, The RavenShort story: The Cask of amonti
7、llado, the fall of the house of usher Transcendentalism:I. Features1. the transcendence of oversoul2. divinity of men, importance of individualism3. nature symbol of spirit/God;restorative influence 4. focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)II. Influence1. It served as an ethical gui
8、de to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated idealism that was great n
9、eeded in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism Emerson: Americansnewborn Adam, standing simple and sincere before the world 3. It helped to create the first American renaissance one of the most prolific period in American literature.Representatives: 1Ralph Waldo Emers
10、on1. life2. works(1) Nature manifesto/ Bible(2) speech: The American Scholarintellectual Declaration of Independence3. opinions(1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influen
11、ce on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”. self-reliance4. aesthe
12、tic ideas about the poet The Poet, The Nature and The American Scholar(1) definition of poetno ordinary person. He is a complete man, an eternal man. He should be able to see into the depths of infinite time, comprehend the path of things and the divine unity of the Universe by intuition and communi
13、cate the feelings of contact with nature to his fellowmen. Whitman: envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expression of the truth. In “The Defense of Poetry,” Shelley claims that “poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.” Poets hold u
14、p a mirror to society challenging us (readers) to question our behavior, our morals, our philosophy. Vs Plato (liars should be banished from Republic) Wordsworth, Eliot (2) True poetry and true art should ennoble. It should serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity and higher
15、reality.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols. as for him, symbolism is a universal thing. Influence of Puritanism(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a long poem in itself, to celebrate the life of today. American intellectuals sho
16、uld have independent mind, stop imitating and transplanting European tradition, should focus on here and present. attitude toward American culture: IrvingThe Authors Account of Himself: praise the sublime and beautiful natural scenery of America, America was full of youthful promise, which Europe wa
17、s rich in the accumulated treasures of age., Hawthorne, Henry James, T.S. Eliot II. Henry David Thoreau1. works: Walden2. ideas(1) He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point. very critical of modern civilization.(2) Practical Transcendent
18、alism: nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on mans spiritual well-being.(3) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.Nathaniel Hawthorne1. works(1) Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2) The Scarlet Letter main ideas
19、, characters, theme, features(3) The House of the Seven Gables(4) The Marble Faun2/ Setting: Puritan New EnglandTopic: Evil & sinIdeas: “black vision” toward human beingsFeatures: AmbiguityTechniques: symbolism3. ideas:1mixed attitude towards Puritanism 2Hawthornes view of sin/evilguilt, sin, and ev
20、il are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity.all his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of _sin_ and _evil_. It illustrates to some extent the influence of the Calvinist doctrine of _original sin_& total depravity_.e.g. The Ministers Black Veil“I look around me, and lo! On ev
21、ery visage a Black veil.” 瞧啊,你们每一个人脸上都有一块黑面纱!描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点,这与加尔文教关于人的“原罪”和“内在堕落”的理论的影响是分不开的。His top concern: sources of evil/sin, its influence on people psychological, ways of redeeming sin:Sources of evil:1. original sin, evil can be passed down The House of the Seven Gables2. Inner heart
22、of every man Evil is at the core of human life3. overweening science: The modern science and technology which could suppress mens emotion and imaginatione.g. doctor/scientist= vicious, cruel, stone-hearted Dr. Rappaccinis Daughter/ BirthmarkWhenever there is sin, there is punishment. He is of the op
23、inion that evil educates.Explore ways of redeeming sin: brave to confess and face it, correct it through love, devotion, generosity and forgiveness.他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题,主张通过善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵,从而得到拯救。然而霍桑并非全写黑暗,他在揭露社会罪恶和人的劣根性的同时,对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同情。正如他的朋友、作家赫尔曼.梅尔维尔(Herman Melville)所指出的,霍桑的黑暗使在这黑暗中不停前进的黎明显得更加明亮。H
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