[英语]高中语法必备.doc
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1、第1章 主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指:1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致.2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致.3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数.例如:There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如: Reading and wri
2、ting are very important. 读写很重要.注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义.典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去
3、发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B.2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔,一把小刀和几本书.There are twenty boy-student
4、s and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩.2)当either or 与neither nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致.如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致.例如:Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔,信封和纸.3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语有with, together with,
5、 like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致.例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂.He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船.4. 谓语需用单数的情况1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数.例如:Each of us has a tap
6、e-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机.There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了.2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书.3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.例如:Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备.Ten yua
7、n is enough. 十元够了.5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.例如:All is right. 一切顺利.All are present. 人都到齐了.2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体.例如:His family isnt very l
8、arge. 他家成员不多.His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者.但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式.例如:Are there any police around 附近有警察吗 3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.例如:A number of +名词复数+复数动词.The number of +名词复数+单数动词.A number of books have lent out.Th
9、e majority of the students like English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致.例如:Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动.2)用a portion of, a series of, a
10、 pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数.例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故.A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴.3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.例如:Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书.More than 60 percent of
11、 the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市.三.巩固练习 ( ) 1. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A. were, was B. was, wasC. was, were D. were, were( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.A. is playing B.
12、have playedC. are playing D. play( ) 3. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, areC. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are( ) 4. Ten minutes _ a long time for one who waits.A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the bo
13、ys who _ a driving license.A. has B. have C. is having D. are having( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _ next-door neighbours.A. is B. are C. were D. be( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _ unbelievable.A. are B. is C. has been D. have been( )8. When _ the United Nations founded A. is B. are C. was D. were( )9
14、. Every possible means _ .A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried( ) 10. What she says and does _ nothing to do with me.A. was B. were C. has D. have( )11. There _ a dictionary and several books on the desk.A. are B. must C. have been D. is( )12. Nobody _ seen the film. Its a pity.
15、A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack haveC. but my friends has D. but I have( )13. No teacher and no student _.A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting( )14. All but one _ here just now.A. is B. was C. has been D. were( )15. When and where to build the new factory _
16、 yet.A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided( ) 16. The writer and singer _ here.A. is B. are C. were D. do( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you.A. are B. was C. is D. were( ) 18. In those days John with his class
17、mates _ kept busy preparing for the exam.A. is B. are C. was D. were ( ) 19. _ your clothes No, mine _ hanging over there.A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is( ) 20. The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _ very fond of their old houses.A. were, were B. was, was C. w
18、ere, was D. was, were( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _ that either of the countries _ beautiful.A. are, are B. is, is C. are, is D. is, are( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.A. is B. are C. have been D. has been( ) 23. _ of
19、my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings _ their duty.A. Each, are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is( ) 24. What do you think of the _ of the coat Its rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.A. value B. cost C. price D. use( ) 25. Are the two answers
20、 correct No, _ correct.A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _ making sailing difficult.A. have been B. was C. / D/ are四.答案1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D
21、21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B第2章 动词的时态概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday.例如:I leave home for school at
22、 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家.2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如:The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动.Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部.3) 表示格言或警句.例如:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的.4) 现在时刻的状态,能力,性格,个性.例如:I d
23、ont want so much. 我不要那么多.Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子.I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.2. 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如:时间状语有:yesterday,
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