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1、【英语四级(CET4)词汇语法】讲义定语从句五大类型测试重点定语从句是大学英语四级考试中测试的重点项目之一,笔者近来对大学英语考试样题、曝光试题及其它相关试题进行了研究。本文主要以四级考试样题和真题为例,将英语定语从句归纳为五大类型,这五大类型既是大学英语教学大纲中规定的学习重点,也是四级考试的重点,学生应熟练掌握。 1由单个关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句可由单个的关系代词that, which,who,whom,whose和单个的关系副词 when,where,why来引导。在四级考试中,往往测试考生正确选用这类定语从句的关系词的能力,有时也测试考生对整个定语从句结构的认识或运用
2、能力。例如: 1)all _is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life(cet-4,901) a)what is needed b)for our needs c)the thing needed d)that is needed 【简析】修饰all或其它指物的不定代词(如:anything,something,nothing等)的定语从句宜用that引导。 2)jack is the most intelligent man _ ive ever met a)that b)what c)whom d)who 【简析】当先行词
3、被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时,定语从句用that引导。 3)alva found a place in the cellar _ he usedas his first laboratory a)which b)where c)such d)the same 【简析】which引导定语从句,修饰place,为从句的宾语,故不选用where。 4)edward is the boy_i think scored the winning points for the basketball teama)whom b)which c)that d)who 【简析】who引导一个嵌入式定语从句: wh
4、o scored for the basketball team该从句既修饰先行词(the boy),同时又嵌入在另一主谓结构(i think)之中作宾语。由于关系词指人,又在从句中起主语作用,故应选用who。 5)there will come a day_all the people in the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism a)whenb)wherec)whyd)the moment 【简析】when引导定语从句,修饰时间名词。 6)beer is the most popular drink among
5、 male drinkers, _overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women(cet-4,20006) a)whose b)which c)that d)what 【简析】whose引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作定语修饰overall consumption。整个定语从句修饰male drinkers。 2由介词关系代词引导的定语从句 prepwhich whom whose引导的定语从句是英语中的普通现象,十分常见。四级考试往往测试学生正确选用这类定语从句中与关系词搭配的介词的能力,同时也测试学生正确选用这类
6、定语从句中关系词的能力。介词的选用与上下文有密切关系,或与其前面的名词词组的搭配有关,或与其后面的动 词或形容词的搭配有关。关系词的选用与它代表的先行词和它在从句中的语法功能有关。在解答这类选择题时,应注意到上述关系。例如:1)there was a teapot fashioned like a china duck,out of_open mouth the tea was supposed to come(cet-4,sample) a)which b)its c)that d)whose 【简析】此题逗号后为复杂介词out of whose引导的非限制性定语从句。之所以选用whose是
7、由于它与形容词open一起作定语,修饰mouth。 2)the goals_he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him(cet-4,901)as,which非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important t
8、o us. 典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2)The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子
9、,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3)It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的
10、谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。 As 的用法 例1. the same as;suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾
11、语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。 一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种: 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。 如:there are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun. 在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。 乍一看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后
12、面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想,”不对啊,天空怎么能象太阳呢?“,原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。 如:do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when i came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? 你还记得吗,十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链? when i came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际
13、上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。 先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后如:a new master will come tomorrow who will teach you german.情态+动词进行/完成进行时情态动词也可以和动词进行形式或完成进行形式构成谓语:表示“应当正在”,“想必正在”的意思。【例如】Whyshouldwebesittingheredoingnothing?Shemightstillbet
14、hinkingaboutthequestionyouraised.Hecantbeswimminginsuchweather.Atthemomentshemay(might)beplayingwithherschoolmates.Weneedntbestandinghereintherain.wemighttakeshelterinthehutoverthere.情态动词间或也可以和一个动词的完成进行形式构成谓语,表示“应当一直在”,“想必一直在”这类意思。【例如】Theyaresweatingallover.theymusthavebeenworkinginthefields.Theymay
15、havebeendiscussingtheproblemthismorning.Shecouldnthavebeenswimmingallday.Therebe句型的几种特殊结构及其用法there be 句型的几种特殊结构及其用法 there be句型是一种应用十分广泛和频繁的句型。但是对there be句型的多变的特点及其特殊结构的复杂性,并不是每个考生都熟悉了解。在大学英语四级考试题中也常常遇到这一句型结构的试题。 例如: ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon(cet-4,19986-43) a)there to
16、 be a chance b)there being a chance c)there be a chance d)being a chance 该题的答案为b)。 动词 dream of 要求跟 v-ing 分词结构作宾语,更准确地讲是介词of后要求跟 v-ing 分词结构作宾语,there being a chance意为有一个机会;a)和c)两项均不符合句子结构的要求,所以不是答案选项,而d)项 being a chance 虽然是 v-ing 分词结构,但语义不通,故不能雪 又如: no one had told smith about _ a lecture the followin
17、g day(cet-4,20011-66) a)there beb)there would be c)there was d)there being 该题的答案为d)。介词 about 后要求跟 v-ing 分词结构作宾语,there being(a lecture)意为有(一个讲座),而a)、b)和c)项内容均不符合结构要求,故不能雪再如: it is fairly common in africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping,sing
18、ing,or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound(cet-4,19951)该句子中出现了for there to be 的结构,如果按照上一题的解题思路去理解:介词后要求跟 v-ing 分词结构作宾语,那么,这一结构似乎是错的;但是,实际上此结构没有错,此处只能够用 for there to be,而不能用 there being。为什么呢?这就是本文想要解答的问题:there be 句型的特殊结构及其用法。笔者将 there be 句型的几种特殊结构及其用法进行归纳、总结如下,供读者参考。 一、there be句型与各种情态动词连用
19、。 例如: there must be something wrong here there might still be some vacant seats in the rear there ought to be something with which to fill your stocking 二、there be句型中的谓语动词be被be likely to be,happen to be,seem(to be), occur等代替,用来描写事物。例如: there are likely to be more difficulties than they have been pre
20、pared for there happened to be nobody in the room there doesnt seem to be much hope of our beating that team there seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape,the relative length of day and night,and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we arethere h
21、ave occurred many great changes since we met last表示正在进行的be介词短语表示正在进行这一动作,通常用现在进行时表示。如:i am having a class now(我正在上课。)但正在进行这一动作,还可以用be介词短语来表示。常见的介词短语类型有: be at引导的介词短语;be in引导的介词短语;be on引导的介词短语; be under引导的介词短语等。 beat引导的介词短语 be at war(正在交战): the two countries are at war now两国正在交战。 (相当于:the two countri
22、es are waging a war now) be at work(正在工作):jim is at work on his car now吉姆正在修自己的车。 (相当于:jim is repairing his car now) be at peace(处于和平或平静状态): thus europe was at peace for the first time in ten years 于是欧洲在十年以后第一次进入和平状态。 be at table(正在吃饭):when i arrived my friends were already at table 当我到达时,我的朋友们正在吃饭。
23、 常见的这类结构还有:be at meeting正在开会;be at school正在上学;be at breakfast(lunch supper)正在吃早(午晚)饭;be at church正在做礼拜,等等。 bein引导的介词短语 be in progress(正在进展): the building of the bridge is in progress 这座桥梁正在施工中。(相当于:the bridge is being built now) be in trade(正在做买卖): some people of this country are in gold and ivory t
24、rade 这个国家的有些人正在做黄金和象牙买卖。 be in fashion(流行):long hair is very much in fashion now如今,留长发正时兴。 be in trouble(处于困境困难之中):i am in great troublemy little boy has fallen off a ladder and hurt himself我遇上点麻烦,我的小儿子从梯子上掉下来,并且摔伤了。 常见的这类结构还有:be in danger处在危险中;be in operation正在运行; be in action在活动(运转战斗)中;be in peril
25、在危险之中;be in class正在上课;be in hospital正在住院;be in office在执政;be in tears正在流泪;be in milk正在产奶;be in issue正在争论之中;be in church正在做礼拜;等等。 beon引导的介词短语 be on strike(正在罢工):the electricity workers have been on strike for several weeks now电力工人到目前已经罢工好几个星期了。(即现在仍在罢工) be on leave(正在休假):several soldiers are on leave
26、in our village几位军人正在我们村子里休假。 be on the rise(正在上涨):prices of vegetables are on the rise蔬菜价格正在上涨。 常见的这类结构还有:be on a visit正在访问;be on the stumps处在困难之中;be on sale正在出售(美语作:削价出售),等等。be under引导的介词短语 be under consideration(正在考虑之中):the plan is under consideration by the ministry of education教育部正在考虑这项计划。 be un
27、der construction(正在修建中):the new railway is still under construction新铁路仍在修筑之中。 be under discussion(正在讨论之中):that issue has no relation to the matter under discussion那个问题和正在讨论的事没有关系。THAN后面的格及其它than作为从属连接词时,引导比较状语从句,表示被比较的两个事物不等。它后面的代词究竟用什么格,这一点当从句实际上已用了谓语动词时,当然是没有困难的。但由于比较状语从句中的谓语动词经常被省,than往往会成为一个介词。
28、eghe is younger than his brother 代词用什么格一般根据代词与被省略的词(通常是动词或介词)的语法关系来确定。因此,如果我们心里想着补上省略部分,我们就能正确使用代词的格。 eghe is a richer man than i( am)他是一个比我富裕的人。 i see you trust him more than i (do)我看得出你比我更信任他。 i see you trust him more than (you trust)me我看得出你信任他胜过(你信任)我。 you are more ready to help him than (you are
29、 ready to help)me你乐于帮助他胜过(你乐于帮助)我。 that is a matter for you rather than( for)me那是你的事情,而不是我的。 尽管严格的语法规律要求代词用主格但是主格往往听起来很别扭,很不自然,因此,在口语中,使用宾格乃是约定俗成的。 eghe is several years older than me或i am much taller than him。 以上是在than后面主要省略了动词或介词,但有时也省略整个一组词。 egit is much warmer today than (it was)yesterday今天比昨天暖和
30、多了。 better late than never (to come at all)晚来总比不来好。亡羊补牢,未为晚也。than 还和其他词连用,组成固定短语: egrathersooner than,prefer与其宁愿 rathersooner than by air,he would prefer a week on a big liner与其乘飞机,他倒宁愿坐一周的巨型班轮。 i prefer to be called a coward than fight.我宁可被称作懦夫,也不愿打一仗。 otherelse than :除以外: we have no alternative ot
31、her than to follow the sense of our own experience除了根据我们的经验以外,没有其他办法。 scarcelyhardlybarelyno sooner一就 he had barely left the lift at the bottom than the lift bell started to ring,电梯铃就响了。 no more than:仅仅,只 its no more than a beginning这仅仅是个开端。 the room is no more than 15 feet long这个房间只有15英尺长。 none oth
32、er than:不是别人,正是 he is noneno other than my teacher他不是别人,正是我的老师。 no other than:第一意同 none other than;第二意:只有 he is nonone other than my best frien 他正是我最好的朋友。表示将来动作的其他方式1)be + going to + do结构主要表示意图(即打算在最近的将来进行某事)和预见(即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况)。 【例如】 we are going to put up a building here. how are you going
33、to spend your holiday?there is going to be a lot of trouble about this.there is going to be a meeting here this evening.that is what i am going to say.2)be + to do结构通常表示正式的计划、指示、命令、禁止等或用来征求对方的意见。 【例如】when is the factory to gosintosproduction?the line is to be opened to traffic next week.when are the
34、y to hand in their plan?tom is to study medicine as soon as he has finished the military.you are not to tell her anything about our plan.3)to be about + to do/be on the point of doing结构表示将要,正要做,强调将来要发生的事情已经临近。 【例如】 the plane is about to take off.he was about to say something more when his wife came
35、in.i cant see you now. i am on the point of leaving.宾语补足语我一直认为英语四级考试,考了太多的语法,也许是因为语法是我的弱项吧,所以我下了很大工夫在四级语法准备上,我买了薄冰语法,但是书太厚了,没翻几页,我变放弃了。老师上课讲的词汇点、语法点,我总是认真的作笔记。下面是几个用名词或v-ing作宾补的动词,非常实用,一定要记砖 用名词直接作宾语补足语的动词有:name, nominate, call, choose, elect, define.例如: we elected john monitor. we call him iron ox.
36、 (注意不是说这些动词的后面,只能用名词作宾语补足语) (1) (把看成) regard, see, recognize (2) (把当成) treat, take (3) (把认为是) consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge (4) (把描述为) describe, depict, represent另外,还有: declare, denounce, employ, use, show, organize, express等,例如: to describe sb as a teacher to describe sb as being
37、 very clever to treat them as honoured guests to denounce sb as a traitor to see sb as a basically kind person to acknowledged sb as an authority动词不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作(状态)之前完成。【例如】i am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.she seems to have read the book before.he is said to
38、have written a new book about business english.the ancient egyptians are supposed( )rockets to the moon. (cet-4 1996,6)a) to sendb) to be sendingc) to have sentd) to have been sending本句意为:据猜测,古代埃及人曾向月球发射过火箭。suppose后面一般加不定式作宾语,而且不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前,故选择不定式的完成式,答案为c。在should like, would like/love后加不定式的完成式表示
39、过去未实现的动作。在plan, wish等词的过去时后面可用不定式的完成式表示动作没有实现。【例如】id like to have gone with you on your hike last weekend.the chinese people hope to have realized the four modernizations by the year 2000.we planned to have finished the work before supper 简单了解句子结构句子成分: 主语:一般位于句首,通常为名词或代词。 谓语:表明主语的动作或者状态之成分,英语中都用动词充当
40、。 宾语:谓语动词所涉及的对象。通常为名词或代词。 定语:修饰限定名词成分的部分,大多修饰主语和宾语。通常为形容词。 状语:修饰谓语或整个句子,表明地点,时间,状态,程度等。通常为副词。 表语:位于联系动词之后,表示主语的状态,特征之成分。 补语:对主语或宾语起到补充说明作用的成分,一般主动语态中为宾语补语,被动语态中为主语补语。 同位语:即汉语中的复指成分,主语和宾语才有,名词性成分。 名词性从句:皆为三种类型:that, whether/if, 特殊疑问词引导。 1. 主语从句:句子的主语是由一个句子充当。 2. 表语从句,表语为一个句子。 3. 宾语从句,宾语为一个句子。 限定性定语从句
41、:修饰限定先行词,不可或缺。that修饰人或物,which修饰物,who修饰人。与先行词之间没有逗号隔开。 非限定性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,或对整个主句进行补充说明。用逗号与主句隔开。不能使用that引导。 要点:关系词主要由先行词在从句中所充当的成分决定。 状语从句 时间状语从句:从句用一般现在时表示将来。When, while, since, as, until,after, before等引导。 条件状语从句:从句用一般现在时表示将来。If,unless,as long as等引导。 原因状语从句:because, since, now that, as引导。 目的状语从句:so
42、 that, in order that引导。 结果状语从句: 方式状语从句:as if, than, asas, as though引导。 让步状语从句:though, although, as(尽管),even if, even though, no matter等引导。 定语从句:限定性定语从句,非限定性定语从句。15. The water feels cold.水摸起来很凉。16. The milk has burnt.牛奶煮糊了。 17. This material tears easily.这种料子很容易撕破。 18. This text teaches well.这篇课文很好教。
43、 19. This one doesnt count.这个不能算。 20. The house would let easily.这房子容易出租。 21. This dress does up at the front.这衣服是在前面扣扣子。 22. These wares clean easily.这些器皿好洗。 23. The ad caught my eye.那则广告引起了我的注意。 24. The door fooled me.我不小心撞门上了。 25. My teeth cheated me.我咬到沙子了。(吃米饭常见现象) 26. She cheated death.她死里逃生。
44、27. She always photographs badly.它总是不上相。 Go, come, remain后跟否定前缀的过去分词,表被动。 28. Our complaints went unnoticed.我们的投诉没有引起重视。29. The boundary problems still remain unsettled.边境问题仍未解决。 30. The flap of the envelope has come unstuck.信封的封口脱胶散开了。 有些形容词后的不定式的主动形式表被动。 31. John is easy to deceive. 32. The questi
45、on is hard to answer. 33. This house was difficult to find. 34. Decaying food is not good to eat. 35. These shoes are not fit to wear. 36. It is too hot to eat. 不定式作定语,主动表被动。 37. There are a number of problems to deal with. 38. There is a lot of work to do. 39. The next thing to consider is food. 其他一些特殊的被动表示法: 1. The flowers need watering. 2. These boxes want repairing.3. His suggestion is worth considering. 4. Paris is worth visiting. 5. She is beyond my control. 6. The matter is under consideration. 7. The building is under construc
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