[人文社科]Language_and_Society.ppt
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1、Chapter 9,Language and Society,1. The scope of sociolinguistics 1.1 The relationship between language and society Language is regarded as a mirror of society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why we speak diffe
2、rently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning.,Example 1 Ray: Hi. Mom Mom: Hi. You are late. Ray: Yeah, that bastard kept us in again. Mom: Nana is here. Ray: Oh sorry. Where is she?,The
3、way people talk is influenced by the social context in which they are talking. It matters who can hear us and where we are talking as well as how we are feeling. We use different styles in different social contexts. Example 2 Ray: Good morning, sir. Principle: What are you doing here at this time? R
4、ay: Mr. Sutton kept us in , Sir.,One does not need to be very observant to find that certain linguistic phenomena cannot be accounted for unless they are placed in the general context of society. In other words, social factors cannot be excluded from our description of language and language use. The
5、re are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. E.g.:greetings,Another indication is that users of the same language in a sen
6、se all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.,Example 3 A:今天怎么样? B:有点累,上下午都有手术。
7、 A:好辛苦哦。想我了没? B:当然想了。 A:干嘛去了? B:刚去找老师签假条了。,To some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. Example 4 Eskimos have more words for types of snow than English speakers do: aput, snow on the ground 地上的雪 gana, falling
8、 snow 正飘落的雪 piqsirpoq, drifting snow 堆积的雪 qimuqsuq, a snow drift 雪堆,As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. Judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varie
9、ties are social rather than linguistic.,1.2 Speech community & speech variety Speech community(言语共同体): a social group of people who share a language (includes a country, a town, a network across great distances) Speech variety(言语变体): any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of
10、 speakers. Linguistic features of a speech variety can be found at the lexical, the phonological, the morphological, or the syntactical level of the language.,1.3 Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies macro-sociolinguistics : look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it a
11、nd how it reflects the social differentiations (a birds-eye view) micro-sociolinguistics : look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it (a worms-eye view ),2. Language variations Variations :different manifestations of language; “a set of linguistic items with similar soc
12、ial distribution” (R Hudson, 1980) Dialectal variation: Regional /Social Personal variation : registers Situational variation : degree of formality,2.1 Regional dialect A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region. Regional dialect boundaries often
13、 coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers or swamps. lack of communication in old times loyalty to ones native speech psychological resistance to change,Grammars can vary a lot in different regions E.g: Regional dialects in the US Phonological differences r-less dialects:Some di
14、alects in the US delete /r/ after a vowel: Wisconsin Maine Carolina car khar kha: kha: farm farm fa:m fa:m,Lexical differences Words for 汽水: Wisconsin Maine N.Carolina “soda” “pop” “coke” Syntactic differences the: USA Canada at school at the school at the hospital at hospital,Taiwan Mandarin vs. Be
15、ijing Mandarin: Phonological differences Beijing Taiwan 是Shi si Lexical differences English Beijing Taiwan “potato” 土豆 馬鈴薯 “guava” 番石榴 芭樂 Syntactic differences Beijing Taiwan (nonstandard) 我打他。 他給我打。,2.2 Sociolect A language variety caused by different social conditions. It is spoken by a group that
16、 share social features such as occupation, age, class, race, etc.,Occupation: People sometimes use special vocabularies (jargon) for their job Financial :sales volume/todays high Legal: Civil Case民事案件/Hearing听证会 /Summons传讯 Medical: blood pressure/ kidney stone肾结石 /thrombosis (blood clot )血栓,Educatio
17、n: e.g: Speaker A Speaker B I did it yesterday. I done it yesterday. He hasnt got it. He aint got it. It was she that said it. It was her what said it.,2.3 Language and Gender Language used by men and women have some special features of their own. Women and men often have slightly different “grammar
18、s” at many different levels. more intensifiers: adjectives of evaluation and intensifiers are used more frequently by females than by males e.g.: nice, lovely, cute, fantastic, awful, etc.,Syntax Female speech is less assertive and thus sounds to be more polite than male speech. Female speakers tend
19、 to use more often the question tag. e.g. Im afraid . Im not sure but . I dont like linguistics, do you? It is beautiful, isnt it?,Sexist language: because men control public life in most cultures, men often control the standard language, which then becomes biased towards men. Sexist lexicon mankind
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