h道路桥梁工程师复习题目.doc
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1、道路桥梁工程师考试复习题(内部资料)一、填空题1 常用重力式桥台的形式有 u形 、 T形 、 埋式 、耳墙式桥台和挖台等。2桥梁用普通钢支座有 平板 、 弧形 、 摇轴 、 辊轴支座 4种类型。 3 通常将桥梁设计荷载分为三大类: 永久荷载 、 可变荷载 、 偶然荷载 。4 桥梁净空包括 桥面净空 和 桥下净空 。5柱式桥墩的型式主要有单柱式 、 多柱式 、 哑铃式和混合柱式四种。6进行扩大基础检算时,常进行基底的 倾覆 稳定性和 滑动 稳定性检算。7我国古代隋朝时期修建,位于河北赵县的著名古桥是 赵州桥(安济桥) 。8重力式桥墩按墩身截面形式可分为 矩形 桥墩、 圆形 桥墩和 圆端形 桥墩等
2、。9 桥梁的主要组成部分包括 桥跨(上部)结构 、 桥墩台(下部) 及 桥头锥体 等。10 桥梁设计一般遵循的原则包括 安全性(及舒适) 、 适用性 、 经济性 、先进性和美观等。 11荷载横向分布影响线的计算方法主要有: 杠杆原理法 、 偏心受压法(刚性横梁法) 、 修正的偏心受压法(刚性横梁法) 比拟板法(G-M) 、 横向铰结板(梁)法和刚结板(梁)法 。12 铁路下承式钢桁梁由 桥面 、 桥面系 、 主桁 、 联结系 、制动撑架及支座组成。二、名词解释1 可变荷载;设计使用期内其值随时间变化,且其变化与平均值相比不可忽略的荷载。2桥渡;桥梁、桥头引线和导流防护工程等建筑物的总称3 先张
3、法;指先张法预应力混凝土梁中先张拉预应力钢筋后浇筑梁体混凝土的建造方法。4荷载横向分布影响线;指P=1在梁上作横向移动时,某主梁在同一纵向坐标上所分配到的不同荷载作用力。5 重力式桥台;是就地建造的整体式重型结构,主要靠自重来平衡台后的土压力。6建筑高度;桥上行车路面(或轨底)至桥跨结构最下缘之间的距离。7 净跨径;设计洪水位上相邻两个桥墩(桥台)之间的净距。8钢桁梁桥中的大节点:有斜杆交汇的节点称为大节点。三、简答题1试给出公路桥台计算时的三种最不利车辆荷载布置情况。(1)、车辆荷载仅布置在台后填土的破坏棱体上;(2分)(2)、车辆荷载仅布置台顶上或桥跨结构及台顶上;(2分)(3)、车辆荷载
4、布置在桥跨结构上、台顶上及台后填土的破坏棱体上。(1分)2引起简支梁梁长变化的主要原因有哪些?伸缩缝要满足哪些基本要求?温度变化是影响伸缩量的主要因素。混凝土的徐变和收缩;各种荷重所引起的桥梁挠度;地震影响、纵坡等也引起梁长变化。理想的伸缩缝应满足: 使桥梁自由伸缩, 牢固耐用, 平顺, 防止雨水和杂物渗入阻塞, 维修方便。3后张法预应力混凝土梁中的预应力钢筋为何一般多在梁端附近弯起?其起弯角的大小对梁的内力有何影响?为什么要限制曲率半径?弯起的原因:(1)预应力筋用来抵抗外荷载产生的弯矩,而弯矩从跨中向两端逐渐变小,因此力筋位置可以适应这种变化而向上移动(2)从抗剪的角度,弯起可产生预剪力(
5、3)便于两端锚具布置。弯起角的大小影响预应力损失大小进而影响抵抗内力的能力,另外对抗剪有影响,对弯起点附近的混凝土受力有影响,弯起越剧烈对混凝土越不利,限制弯曲半径也是为了防止弯曲处的径向力过大引起混凝土破坏。4在后张法预应力混凝土梁中,要进行管道压浆和封端作业,它们的目的是什么?压浆:是混凝土和力筋粘结,便于发挥力筋强度从而提高梁的承载能力、抗裂和耐久性;保护力筋免受腐蚀。封端:主要是防止锚具免受腐蚀。5钢桁梁的制动撑架的作用是什么? 主要是使制动力顺利传递给固定支座,另外较少横梁侧向挠曲的弯矩。6简述板式橡胶支座的工作原理。工作原理:竖向荷载作用下,嵌入橡胶片之间的钢板将限制橡胶的侧向膨胀
6、,提高了支座的竖向刚度;水平力作用下,钢板间的橡胶产生剪切变形,实现其水平位移。梁端发生转动时,橡胶支座通过内外不均匀压缩自动适应。7铁路钢筋混凝土梁挡碴墙为什么要设置断缝?答:因挡碴墙高于梁顶面许多,如不将它断开,则在竖向荷载作用下挡碴墙顶面承受很大的压力,会导致该处混凝土压碎破坏,其目的是使挡碴墙不参与主梁的工作。8跨度6m的铁路钢筋混凝土分片板式截面梁,两片梁之间是否需要联结?为什么?不需要任何联结。因为板底支承面较宽,截面重心又较低,不会发生侧向倾覆。9简述“全预应力混凝土梁”和“部分预应力混凝土梁”各自的优缺点。全预应力混凝土梁的优点:采用混凝土和高强钢筋;提高抗裂性,增强耐久性和刚
7、度;尺寸、自重减小;增大跨度;预剪力可以提高抗剪能力;力筋应力变幅小,疲劳性能好。全预应力混凝土梁的缺点:徐变上拱度大;易产生沿力筋的纵向裂缝和锚下裂缝;造价高部分预应力混凝土梁的优点:徐变上拱小;较少产生沿力筋的纵向裂缝和锚下裂缝;造价低;部分预应力混凝土梁的缺点:刚度较小10先张法预应力混凝土梁中一些预应力钢筋为何在梁端附近要与混凝土绝缘?如何实现其与混凝土绝缘?(1)预应力筋产生的偏心弯矩用来抵抗外荷载产生的弯矩;(2 )简支梁外荷载产生的弯矩沿梁长的分布为跨中大,两端小(基本为零)(3)力筋端部若不绝缘,则力筋产生的负弯矩会导致 上缘混凝土开裂。绝缘的方法:在力筋上套塑料管等实现力筋与
8、混凝土免粘结11在钢桁梁中要设置联结系,它们的作用是什么?桥门架位于何处?作用:(1)将两片主桁连成几何稳定的空间整体(2)承受各种横向荷载(3)横联还可提高桥跨抗扭(4)纵联还可缩小受压弦杆面外的自由长度,提高其承载力桥门架位于桥跨端部54四、计算题1计算图2所示矩形截面重力式桥墩,某墩身截面在单向偏心压力作用下的最大压应力(若出现拉应力,需进行应力重分布计算,不考虑偏心增大系数的影响)。解:在偏心荷载作用下墩身截面的最大和最小应力分别为(1分)(3分)故需进行截面的应力重分布计算(3分)(3分)所以,图示偏心荷载作用下墩身最大应力为0.727MPa。2一座钢筋混凝土简支梁桥,计算跨径为5m
9、,由两片T梁现浇而成,主梁横向间距2.0m,桥面宽3.0m。试计算: 用杠杆原理法绘出1号主梁荷载横向分布影响线,并求出1号主梁在图3a所示荷载情况下的荷载横向分布系数(注:集中力距桥面板边缘至少应有0.5m的距离;两集中力的横向距离1.8m不能改变); 绘出1号主梁的跨中弯矩及支点剪力的影响线; 求出1号主梁在图3b所示汽车荷载下的最大跨中弯矩和最大支点剪力,冲击系数。(提示:需移动荷载,找最不利位置,但是两集中力的距离不能变)。1.8mP/2P/2图3a 主梁横断面图及汽车荷载横向图示4m30kN70kN答:1号主梁荷载横向分布影响线1号主梁荷载横向分布系数为:1.25m 1梁跨中弯矩影响
10、线1 1梁支点剪力影响线 跨中最大弯矩:kN.m支点最大剪力:kN(英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party,
11、 strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requiremen
12、ts, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision proces
13、s; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of th
14、e two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulat
15、ions revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys
16、 leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping s
17、eries of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an importa
18、nt role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive adv
19、ocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, no
20、t for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which m
21、any provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific,
22、 for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely t
23、o be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision proc
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