英语语言学卓越课程中心3CentreforexcellenceinEnglishLinguistics.ppt
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1、A Course on Linguistics for Students of English Zhou Changming Dept. of Foreign Languages, SHUPL,The Goals for this Course,To get a scientific view on language; To understand some basic theories on linguistics; To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of la
2、nguage teaching To prepare for the future research work.,The Requirements for this course,Class attendance Classroom discussion Fulfillment of the assignment Examination,Reference Books,戴炜栋,何兆熊,(2002),新编简明英语语言学教程,上海外语教育出版社。 胡壮麟,(2001),语言学教程,北京大学出版社。 刘润清,(1995),西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版社。 Fromkin,V. & R. Rod
3、man, (1998), An Introduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, Inc.,Chapter 1. Introduction,1. What is linguistics?,-Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.,Four principles of linguistic studi
4、es,Exhaustiveness/adequacy Consistency Economy Objectivity,The scope or major branches of linguistics,Theoretical linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Use of linguistics Applied linguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics ,Theoretical linguistics,Phonetics-speech sound (des
5、cription, classification, transcription): articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics. Phonology-sound patterns of languages Morphology-the form of words Syntax-the rules governing the combination of words into sentence. Semantics-the meaning of language (when the meaning of langu
6、age is conducted in the context of language use-Pragmatics),Use of linguistics,Applied linguistics-linguistics and language teaching Sociolinguistics- social factors (e.g. class, education) affect language use Psycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process Stylistics-linguistic and
7、literature,Some other applications,Anthropological linguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics (e.g. machine translation),Some important distinctions in linguistics,Descriptive vs prescriptive,Descriptive - describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern
8、 linguistic) Prescriptive -lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar),Synchronic vs diachronic,Synchronic study- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study- description of a language through time (historical dev
9、elopment of language over a period of time),Speech vs writing,Speech - primary medium of language Writing - later developed,Langue vs parole (F. de Saussure),Langue - the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community. Parole - the realization of langue in actual use. Sauss
10、ure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.,Competence and performance (Chomsky),Competence - the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance - the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky lo
11、oks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.,Traditional grammar vs modern linguistics,Traditional grammar - prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework Modern linguistics - descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based fr
12、amework,2. What is language?,Language can mean,what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeares language, Luxuns language) a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language) the abstract sys
13、tem underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language) the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language) a tool for human communication. (social function) a set of rules. (rule-governed),Sapirs definition (1921),“Language
14、 is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”,Halls definition (1968),Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbo
15、ls.”,Chomskys definition (1957),“From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finite or infinite) sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”,Language can be generally defined as,a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,Language
16、 is a system,Systematic- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; cant be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.,Language is arbitrary,Arbitrary- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to
17、write with.,Language is symbolic in nature,Symbolic- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare,Language is primarily vocal,Vocal- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoke
18、n form.,Language is human-specific,Human-specific- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.,The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett),Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural tran
19、smission,Arbitrariness,-No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, . Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. ty
20、pe-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy,Productivity/creativity,-Peculiar to human languages,users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not desc
21、ribe a common happening in the world. A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direc
22、tion. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires,Duality (double articulation),Lower level-sounds (meaningless) Higher level-meaning (larger units of
23、 meaning) A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearran
24、ged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.,Displacement,-Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A
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