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1、 高塘水电站面板堆石坝坝料控制爆破设计和研究摘要:本文介绍了高塘水电站面板堆石坝采用大孔径牙轮钻进行深孔梯段爆破开采坝料的控制爆破设计参数,并结合碾压试验成果对爆渣颗粒大小级配和碾压后坝料颗粒大小级配进行了研究分析,对坝料的施工开采提出了改进措施。 关键词:面板堆石坝 深孔梯段爆破 参数设计 1 工程概况高塘水电站位于广东省西北部怀集县洽水镇白水林场境内的白水河上。电站坝址以上集雨面积为170平方公里,多年平均流量为6.51立米/秒,总装机容量3.6万千瓦。电站为引水式电站,以发电为主,结合防洪、灌溉的水利枢纽,整个枢纽由蓄水大坝、溢洪道、引水遂洞、发电厂房、110KV升压站组成,
2、其中大坝为钢筋混凝土面板堆石坝,最大坝高为110.7m,坝顶长为288.3m,坝体石料填筑总量为191.8万m3,是广东省已建、在建坝体最高的堆石坝工程。坝体填筑料采用离坝址约1公里的千里坑料场的花岗岩爆破料,其中过渡料4.9万m3,主堆石料96.4万m3,次堆石料74万m3,各填筑区所需料质的设计要求如表1。表1 坝体填筑料技术参数设计要求项目填筑方量(万m3)最大粒径(mm)压实后干容重(g/cm3)1不均匀系数(cu)岩质要求过渡区4.93002.1515新鲜、微风化花岗岩主堆石区96.46002.1010新鲜、微风化和小量分散弱风化次堆石
3、区84.08002.1010新鲜、微风化和部分弱风化2 料场的位置和地质条件千里坑料场位于坝址下游河谷左岸,至坝址的直线距离接近一千米,为典型的河谷地貌。料场表层覆盖层为12米,且局部岩石裸露。料场沿河谷分布,利用长度300m,高程在510m340m之间,储量在200万m3以上。料场岩石主要为燕山期灰白色细粒花岗岩和灰白、肉红色中粒花岗岩,岩性单一,地质构造简单。场区内分布有F102和F165两条断层,且规模不大,充填较好,对坝料开采爆破、坝料质量及坝坡稳定影响不大。岩石分布的四组主要节理相互形成自然切割,有助于爆破破碎。岩石的物理力学性质,由现场开挖断面及平洞内取样进行室内试验的结果表明:岩
4、石的比重为2.642.65,密度为2.512.64g/cm3,孔隙率3.034.92,饱和吸水率0.21.01;新鲜岩石的抗压强度在123.2178.1Mpa之间,岩石的普氏硬度系数f值平均在15左右,属坚硬难爆岩石。3 爆破的钻孔机具和火工材料坝料爆破所用的钻孔设备为美国B-E公司生产的BE45R型牙轮钻机,其钻孔直径为170270mm,现用的钻头直径为250mm。牙轮钻机适合大规模的石料和矿岩爆破开采施工,是国内矿山系统采用较多的深孔梯段爆破的钻孔设备之一;其主要优点是钻孔效率高、钻孔孔壁光滑,钻孔效率平均为2300m/月台,月完成岩石开采爆破方量最高达12万m3 /台,能满足大坝填筑施工
5、用料高峰的要求。炸药采用湖南南岭化工厂生产的乳化铵油炸药,药卷尺寸为190400mm,药卷密度为1.051.25 g/cm3 ,炸药猛度1619mm,爆力301mL,临界直径12mm;起爆器材选用湖南湘南爆破器材厂生产的非电毫秒雷管。 4 控制爆破参数的设计和爆破试验使用大孔径钻孔开采面板堆石坝料在国内、国外较为少见,为了使爆渣的颗粒组成位于设计包络线的上限,碾压后的各项技术参数满足堆石料的设计要求,必需在总结以往类似工程爆破经验的基础上,作好理论计算工作,并专门进行了现场爆破试验,以确定最佳的爆破参数。4.1 控制爆破参数的设计。爆破参数的正确选择是爆破取得成功的关健因素,在钻孔直径250m
6、m和梯段高度H=15m已确定的条件下,对爆破效果影响最大的是底盘抵抗线和单耗药量的正确选取。根据国内外大孔径钻孔爆破的常用理论及经验公式可求得千里坑料场岩石条件下适于250mm钻孔直径常规爆破的底盘抵抗线值W=(5.18.7)m;根据面板坝对爆破石料最大料径和级配组成的不同要求,可由B.M库兹涅佐夫关于介质炸药爆炸应力决定块度平均尺寸的半理论半经验公式: 式中:X爆渣的平均尺寸,cm; Q炸药重量,kg;
7、 V0爆破岩石的体积,m3;A 与岩石坚固系数的相关系数。和拉桑公式: 式中:Y80破碎的爆岩有80通过的筛孔尺寸,m; B底盘抵抗线,m;S孔网面积,m2;q单耗药量,kg/m3;B岩石系数,kg/m3。经过试算,可分别确定主、次堆石料和过渡料的孔网参数和炸药单耗。同时根据地质条件和以
8、往爆破经验,控制底盘抵抗线与炸药药卷直径之比在2030之间,而各孔的装药长度不小于两倍的底盘抵抗线,以充分体现深孔梯段的特点。其余参数则根据已定抵抗线尺寸来确定,超钻深取(0.20.3)W,堵塞长度取(0.81.0)W,而孔间距取(1.21.3)W。根据以上计算,确定爆破试验的参数如表2。表2 爆破试验爆破参数设计表项目抵抗线(m)孔距(m)孔深(m)堵塞长度(m)孔数(孔)排数(排)总装药量(kg)爆破总方量(m3)单耗药量(kg/m3)过渡料4.605.8715.05.48133459658750.78主堆石料5.746.4715.05.90
9、93361260630.60次堆石料6.307.3015.05.50103339657610.594.2 爆破试验和颗粒组成 。现场爆破试验工作在完成台阶整理、机具调试、器材测试检验的基础上于1997年9月上旬开始上钻打孔,按计划先后进行了次堆石料、过渡料、主堆石料三场试验。第一场的次堆石料爆破试验,受地形限制只能布置两排孔,且爆破作用方向也只能向河床方向,为了减少爆碴大量落入河床,起爆采用“V”型起爆方式;第二场过渡料爆破试验,爆破作用方向调整为顺山坡方向,起爆采用排间毫秒延时,“一”字型起爆方式;第三场主堆石料爆破试验受F102断层分支切入的影响,岩石较破碎,其爆破作用方向和起爆方式同第二
10、场。三场爆破试验,爆破后石碴都比较集中,最大抛散范围为台阶高度的34倍,由于集碴场地狭窄,三场爆破试验均有少量爆碴滚落到下河槽。爆破后在挖碴运输到碾压场的同时,每场都随机选取30 m3 的爆碴专门进行了颗料分析试验。三场爆破试验爆碴的筛分总重量为183.3吨,其中过渡料筛分量为63.1吨,主堆石料筛分量为57.6吨,次堆石料筛分量为62.6吨,颗分成果对各场爆破试验料级配组成具有较好的代表性。三场爆破试验的颗分成果如图1、2、3所示。结合同期进行的碾压试验颗粒分析成果曲线,可以看出,过渡料、次堆料的爆碴级配曲线在设计级配的左侧,说明爆碴各级粒径均较设计要求的偏粗,而经碾压后的级配曲线又落在设计
11、级配曲线的右侧,说明爆破石碴经挖装、铺场、碾压后有较明显的二次破碎现象,而使各项粒径较设计值略偏一点。主堆石料的爆后石碴的级配曲线和碾压后的级配曲线均落在设计要求的级配曲线附近,其中间段基本重合。由此可见,过渡料、主堆料、次堆料的爆破粒径具有良好的级配组成和压实效果,符合设计要求。通过相应碾压试验得知,干容重和空隙率等技术指标均能达到设计标准,具体见表3。表3 碾压试验成果表organization system and working mode, the selection of a number
12、 of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organiza
13、tions at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership a
14、t all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under th
15、e group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly
16、with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League
17、 talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important
18、 issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementat
19、ion opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third sessio
20、n of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100
21、 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and
22、 procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience a
23、nd gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission
24、in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, tra
25、ining work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further
26、 curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team,
27、establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively
28、 explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to th
29、e society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Par
30、ty committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young
31、 talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information
32、 network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting s
33、ystem, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the
34、organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Att
35、achment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the s
36、pirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent missi
37、on spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping
38、construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contribut
39、ions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought
40、of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of
41、 the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and
42、guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice r
43、equirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific
44、Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in
45、depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth L
46、eague members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmoniou
47、s society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political
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