系统功能语言学视阙下的案例分析.ppt
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1、系统功能语言学视阙下的案例分析,上海交通大学外国语学院 马丁适用语言学研究中心 王振华 Email: ,引言,Judges Remark in Twelve Angry Men,引言,读者视角看语篇,往往关注: 谁?讲了什么?谁对谁讲? 语篇分析学家看语篇,除了关注: 谁?讲了什么?谁对谁讲? 还关注: 什么导致那样讲?为什么目的那样讲?怎么讲的?怎么安排所讲内容的?为什么这样安排?用什么语言讲的?为什么? 本文讨论语篇分析家所关注的内容,案例与读者心理活动(mental picturing),善于思考者在阅读的过程中会不断地就所读内容追问。如读到标题时,会在心里提出许多问题,如最近在国内上演
2、的美国大片叫超体(Lucy)。善思者会追问: 超体: 体:什么体?有生命的物体还是无生命的物体?人体还是生物体? 超:怎么超?超什么?超能力还是超速度? Lucy: 是谁?年龄如何?长相如何?什么职业?什么社会地位?。 拟或会问:Lucy是人名,怎么翻译为“超体”?,Judges Remark in Twelve Angry Men,法官在什么情况下说的这些话? 在审判完嫌犯之后 说给谁? 说给12位陪审员的 跟谁有关? 跟受审的嫌犯以及12位陪审员有关 说了什么? 传递了信息:一级谋杀是重罪;犯罪后果;法律指导 表达了态度:谋杀罪;本案件;裁决;致谢 怎么安排的? 谋杀罪犯罪后果法律指导要求
3、感谢 为什么这么说? 法官的职责,语言起什么作用? 传递信息(经验) 表达观点和态度(人际) 编织文本(组篇),系统功能语言学是一个研究语篇意义的有效工具 主要考察两个系统: 语境系统 语言系统,语境系统与语言系统,本文关注: 语言:词汇语法(lexico-grammar: three metafunctions of ideational, interpersonal and textual) 语域(Register: three variables of field tenor and mode) 语类(genre),词汇语法:三大元功能 Ideational metafunction I
4、nterpersonal metafunction, Textual metafunction 为什么?:因为它们生成三种意义,Tips for text analysis: Clause as PROCESS,A clause can be taken as a process. What kind process it is, it depends on the verb in the clause. The process is completed by participant/s, and the process can take place in a certain circumst
5、ance。,The main types of process are Material, Relational, Mental, Verbal and Existential: Doing/happening process (Material): You are faced with a grave responsibility. The odd $20 or $30 here and there can soon mount up. Relating process (being; having)(Relational) Murder in the first degree premed
6、itated homicide is the most serious charge tried in our criminal courts. We dont owe him a thing.,-Tips for text analysis: Clause as PROCESS,Sensing process (Mental): you will know how much “fun” money you have. Saying process (Verbal) 1. “The odd $20 or $30 here and there can soon mount up,” she sa
7、ys. 2. you must declare him not guilty Existing process (Existential): there is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused,过程类型的作用,帮助我们了解: 谁做了什么? 说了什么? 想了什么? 是什么? 拥有什么? 有什么特征?,Tips for text analysis: MOOD of clause,A clause indicates interpersonal meaning via the MOOD TYPE it be
8、longs to. The mood provokes the power relations between the speaker/writer and the hearer/reader. Declarative mood: convey information; speaker as the knower has power over the hearer. E.g., He was wearing an Obama sticker. Interrogative mood: ask question; speaker as the information seeker has less
9、 power than the replier. E.g., Why was he wearing an Obama sticker? Imperative mood: command or order; speaker as the commander has power over the hearer. E.g., Wear the Obama sticker, please.,语气类型的作用,帮助我们了解: 话语权势: 谁是知者、 谁发号施令,Tips for text analysis: Theme-Rheme,Theme: the point of departure of the
10、clause as message. It sets up an orientation or local context for each clause. The local context typically relates to the method of development of the text: the Theme is selected in such a way that it indicates how the clause relates to this method and contributes to the identification of the curren
11、t step in the development. The theme of a clause may include elements from all three metafunctions that are given thematic status: textual Theme, interpersonal Theme and topical Theme. (C. M. I. M. Matthiessen and et al 2010),主位-述位结构例句分析,Youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now
12、your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy. One man is dead. The life of another is at stake. If there is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused . . . then you must declare him not guilty. Unfortunately, he has passed away.,主位-述位的作用,帮助我们: 组织语篇 识别旧信息和新
13、信息 识别话题的变换,Tips for text analysis: logico-semantic relations in clause complex,The meaning of one clause can be expanded or projected. Projection & Expansion: 2-2Although the average starting salary for those who do graduate is 23,500, 1 says the Association of Graduate Recruiters, 2-1 it pays stude
14、nts and their families to be financially aware from day one. -1 projects 2-1 and 2-2. 2-1 is expanded by 2-2 in terms of enhancement Projection: if you dont think you have the self-discipline to keep yourself out of trouble, dont put temptation in your way in the first place Expansion (enhancement)
15、1 Respondents in the poll typically spent 710 on food 2 when they only expected to spend 510. -The meaning of 1 is expanded in 2 by enhancement in terms of time,Expansion(扩展关系): Extension(延伸): one unit extends the meaning of another by adding, replacing or alternating with new to it. Elaboration(详述)
16、: one clause elaborates on the meaning of another by further specifying or describing it Enhancement(提升): one clause (or sub-complex) enhances the meaning of another by qualifying it, for example, by reference to time, place, manner, cause or condition. Projection(投射): One clause as the representati
17、on of the linguistic content of another either as ideas in a mental clause of sensing or locution in a verbal clause of saying.,逻辑语义关系的作用,帮助我们 识别并列关系(paratactic) 识别从属关系(hypotactic),语域Register: field, tenor and mode,A variety of language determined by a particular set of values of the context; it is
18、determined by what the speaker is doing socially. (Cf. register in music.) The principle controlling variables are field of discourse (type of social action), tenor of relationship between speaker and listener (role relationships), and mode (symbolic organization),Field, tenor, mode,JUDGE: Murder in
19、 the first degree premeditated homicide is the most serious charge tried in our criminal courts. Youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy. One man is dead. The life of another is at stake. If there is a reasonabl
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