第三章形合与意合.ppt
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1、Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic 语义型语言 (以意统形),English Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion (显性联接) Hypotactic 形态型语言 (以形驭意),Definition of Hypotaxis,Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction of relat
2、ionship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you dont come (The American Heritage Dictionary) 形合:以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系,如:要是你不来的话,我会失望的。美国传统语言大词典),English: Hypotactic Ways English has clear-cut formal markers to indicate the relation between sentence components. They help make
3、 sentences compact and clearly defined. It is impossible to calculate the meaning though the relationships. Those markers include: 1 Formal changes and coherence between subject and predicate, as well as reference of pronouns. 2 Relatives and conjunctions 3 Prepositions,English: Hypotactic Ways,Back
4、,Cohesive Ties,Relatives,Conjunctions,Prepositions,Relative Adverbs,Relative Pronoun,Coordinate,Subordinate,Differences between Relatives and Conjunctions Relatives are used in connecting attributive, subject, object or predicative clauses, which are part of the main clause without which the main cl
5、ause would be incomplete. 关系词用来连接主语和定语,主语从句,宾语从句或表语从句。这些从句与主句关系紧密,是主句中的一个组成部分,缺少这些从句,主句就不完整。 Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, clauses or adverbial clauses, which are mutually independent. In particular, conjunction to adverbial clauses mark that adverbial clause is detachable form th
6、e main clause. 请谈谈你对连接词的认识?,英语重形合,汉语重意合.,跑得了和尚,跑不了庙. The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with him. 一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行. An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China. 那太阳,整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了. The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor.,
7、英语重形合,汉语重意合.,他不去我去. Id like to go if he wouldnt. 他不去我也去. Id go there even if he wouldnt to with me. 他不去我才去. Id go there only if he wont. 人穷志短 When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles ambition.) 人穷志不短. Though one is poor, he has high ambition. 人有脸,树有皮. The face is as impo
8、rtant to a man as the bark to a tree.,病来如山倒, 病去如抽丝。,Sickness comes like an avalanche, but goes like reeling silk.,The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.,人在阵地在。,人无远虑, 必有近忧。,他人老 心不老。,Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.,If one has no long-term consider
9、ations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.,我来他已去。,He had left when I arrived.,(Condition 条件),(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折),(Time Order 时间先后),(Concession 让步),Please translate the following:,你再说一个字,我马上走。 If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了,我去当和尚。 If you should die, I would go an
10、d be a monk.,Chinese Paratactic: 汉语意合的手段与规律 汉语造句少用或不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯,注意功能和意义,注重以意统形,介词和连词常常可以省略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,用了反而显得多余,高名凯指出:“汉人说话平常不喜欢用太多的没有基本意义的虚词,只是把事情或意思排列起来,让人去了解两个事情两意思之间所发生的关系如何。 意合规律: 1、语序 (order) 2. 反复(repetition) 排比 ( parallel) 对偶(couple) 对照(antithesis) 等 3. 紧缩句 (compacted sentence) 4. 四字格 ( fo
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