英汉句子比较与翻译2012.ppt
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1、英汉语言比较与句子翻译,Angela Hong,Guide of Dog Beating One Finger just like a Pen Nine Women catching White bones Sunflower Bible (from a gentleman to a lady ),Guess what are the Chinese names of the following in Martial Arts?,英汉句子结构比较,英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合(parataxis) 形合主要靠语言本身语法手段(形式手段),意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系,奈达 译意T
2、ranslating meaning: 就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis) 英语注重显性衔接(overt cohesion),汉语注重隐性连贯(covert coherence),傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写唯恐不周。 汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。,例句: 由于距离
3、远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。 Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and
4、lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 主谓机制:抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子的灵魂。 名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通,Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until sudd
5、enly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词) 卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经过一些平房,然后突然在一大片绿色草地前停下了。,英汉句子重心的差异 We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在
6、不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友好相处,这是正确而必要的。 汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前,叙事在后。,The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就,这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeate
7、dly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。,英语:end-weight头轻脚重,属于主语显著(subject-prominent)语言 It is.to; there 英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。因此在汉译英中,如何找准句子重心,确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因素。,汉语:头重脚轻,属于主题显著(topic-prominent)语言 语言学家赵元任
8、:在汉语中,主语与谓语之间的语法关系与其说是施事和动作的关系,不如说是话题和说明的关系,施事和动作可以看作是话题和说明的一个特例。,I worked very hard on this book. 这本书我花了很多心血。 He isnt interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing. 看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。,Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century,
9、who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for the mornings work.” (许余龙,1987:56) 19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本里说过:“享用一顿美餐,能使整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见,现在很少有人领教了。,英语时态的汉译 汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时”的变化,如用“了”、“着”、“过”、“已经”、“就要”、“现在”、“将来”、“正在”、“过去”等
10、英语时态必须用动词的曲折变化体现出来,When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer, and lighting his pipe (George Santayana, The Weather in His Soul) 设想在他运动之余品茶或喝酒,并点着烟斗时 (刘士聪 译),二十岁那年,我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。 (萧红 永久的憧憬和追求) When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around
11、like hobo. (刘士聪 译),英汉语言语序上的差异 潘文国:英语基本上是一种形态性的语言,汉语基本上是一种语义性的语言。 主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。,定语后置 1 some-, any-, every-, no等构成的复合代词 He told me something important. 他告诉我了一件重要的事情。 There is nothing wrong with this computer. 这台电脑没有什么毛病。,2 ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语,与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时,也常需后置。 The doctors
12、have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿,他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。,3 定语从句和某些分词作定语时,也需后置 Here are the New Year cards Ive just received. 这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡。 Most of the p
13、eople studying here are middle school teachers. 在这里学习的多数是中学老师。,4 起表语作用的形容词作定语,也需后置。 Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision. 出席大会的人都赞同这项决议。 There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country. 那个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人。,5 某些成对的形容词作定语需要后置,翻译时需灵活处理 All nations, large or s
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