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1、来源:北美范文精讲标准谬误具体模版课堂参考 论证谬误1. False Analogy and Comparison False analogy1. A可行推不出B可行The arguer unfairly assumes that (what is true in A) would ensure the similar result in B.2. 解释谬误: B与A为什么不同?3. 纠正建议 Without accounting for possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot convince me that Incom
2、plete comparison and selective comparison1. The incomplete comparison that is a misleading assertion that could not be tested. 2. 跟谁比?(irrelevant comparison) 比什么?(unnecessary conclusion) 3. Therefore, providing merely the incomplete information without an all-around comparison showing the similariti
3、es, the author cannot convince me effectively. Confusing comparison and variation1. The comparison/change does not necessarilyfor two reasons.2. First, 横向比较. Second,纵向比较.3. Thus, the mere fact that lends scant support to the recommendation. 2. Hasty generalization Different concepts1. A threshold pr
4、oblem involves the definition of The speaker fails to define this critical term.2. 定义不清 3. Without a clear definition ofit is impossible to assess the argument. Different scopes1.The nation wide study showing trends that. does not necessarily apply to.2. 同false analogy?3. Thus, the nationwide trends
5、 that the argument cites amount to scant evident that 1. This single sampleis insufficient todraw any general conclusion about2. 同false analogy?3. Without additional samples, I can not accept the authors sweeping generalization about Inferring a future condition from a past condition1.which were eff
6、ective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on poor assumption that duringall conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. 2. 过去和现在的相关差异?3. In other words, the longer the time.the less reliable the conclusion 3. Cause-Effect Fallacies Non causal relatio
7、nship1. .the author cites is not necessarily due to2. 它因法 3. Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for, the author cannot convince me Confusing the cause and the effect1. Fail to rule out the possibility that “原因” merely due to “结果”.2. “结果” “原因” 3. If so, how can the au
8、thor rely on such a confusion to reasonably conclude that? Confusing concurrence with causal relationship1observes a correlation betweenand, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter.2. 它因法 3. Without ruling out all other requisite factors it is unfair to conclude that Post, ergo pro
9、pter hoc (after this, therefore because of this)1. The author concludes that, based on the fact that occurred after 2. 它因法 3. Without ruling out such scenarios, the author cannot establish such a cause-effect relationship 前提谬误1. Survey How to do the survey?l Selective sample(见讲义)l Quantity of the sa
10、mple(见讲义)l Do the statistics make any difference?1. The argument treats a lack of proof/two irreconcilable claims that(调查)as constituting sufficient evidence that(结论) 2. The absence of data concerningcould not prove3. Only if the study could provide more accurate data, it would not serve to validate
11、 that assumption. l What question was asked in the survey? (见讲义)l Who conducted the survey? (见讲义)l When was the survey conducted? (见讲义) Result of the surveyl Vague dataIt is relative proportion/ vague data rather than total amount that make greater contribution to account for the validity of survey.
12、 l CompletenessThe survey does not provide complete information concerning the effect of Respondents of the surveyl Are the respondents forthright? (见讲义)l Are the respondents representative? (见讲义)2. Necessity and Sufficiency of the Solution The argument assumes that would necessarily and sufficientl
13、ywithout substantiating this assumption. Even if, would not suffice to ensure Thus, (other measures) might also be required for 3. Incomplete ThoughtsFailing to consider the credibility of the evidence/unwarranted assumption展开: The argument assumes that Yet the argument fails to substantiate this as
14、sumption. The author overlooks other possibilities that Without ruling out alternative. False dilemma1. The author suffers from “either-or” reasoning. 2. Based on the fact that, the author unfairly concludes that3. However, the author overlooks 结论谬误l Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclu
15、sion1. The author unfairly assumes the feasibility of the conclusion that2. The threshold problem is the proposal would not guarantee the expected consequence in that3. Until the author provides further evidence to exclude all these concerns, it is unfounded to l Failing to weight the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly/unexpected consequences1.The author makes certain dubious assertions about.without weighing other unexpected consequences.2. Other possible consequences3. Under any scenario, adopting the authors proposal might harm, rather than benefit,
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