大学英语A统考语法讲解.ppt
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1、语法,9个语法的重点,虚拟语气 定语从句 倒装句 主谓一致 强调句 连词的辨析 省略句 非谓语动词 平行结构 其他:时态、语态、情态动词等,虚拟语气,A,表建议,要求,命令的动词,及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词,后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语,should可省略。 B,某些特殊的形容词,后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤其注意。 C,wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。 D,would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气,也可以直接加do sth宁愿做。 E,If引导的条件状语中,表示与现在情况相反的假设,表示与过去情况相反的假设时。,虚拟语气(The Subj
2、unctive Mood),例1 : The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical_ value by the time they were finished. A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 答案 B. would have lost 注释从句是省略if的虚拟条件句,谓语部分倒装,故主句谓语为would have+过去分词。 译文所涉及到的数百万次计算,如果用手工操作,到它
3、们完成时已失去全部实用价值。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例2 :A safety analysis _the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. A. would identify B. will identify C. would have identified D. will have identified 答案 C. would have identified 注释过去时间的虚拟语气表示过去要做而没有做的事。 译文一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险。不幸的是
4、,这样的分析从未做过。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例3:In the past men generally preferred that their wives _in the home. A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working 答案 C. work 注释因为prefer(宁愿)是欲望动词,其后所接的宾语从句中谓语需用(should)+动词原形。 译文过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例4:When Edison died, it was propo
5、sed that the American people _all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man. A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off 答案 A. turn off 注释 propose是欲望动词,后接的宾语从句或主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气:should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。 译文爱迪生去世时,有人建议,为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中、街上和工厂
6、里的全部电源几分钟。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例 5:I apologize if I _you, but I assure you it was unintentional. A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended 答案 B. had offended 注释本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示,事情发生在过去,所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时间的虚拟形式。 译文假如我曾经冒犯过你,我现在向你道歉,但我向你保证,这不是故意的。,定语从句,对定语从
7、句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。 关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的,而不是在主句中的。 非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开,而且只能由which,who,whom,whose引导,其中which既可以指物,也可以指前面一整句话,这一点大家一定要注意。 另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多。,例1: Id like to explain the proposals _ we have received many objections. A:to which B:to where C:to who D:to what 答案:A 解析:限制性
8、定语从句,名词proposal为物,先行词为代替物的which。object to反对,其中to是介词,例2:A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _ were surprising. A:as results B:which results C:the results of it D:the results of which 答案:D 解析:非限定性定语从句,the result of the survey was surprising,用为定语从句用which代替surve
9、y,Shortly after my return, I visited the Appointments Office, _ I was interviewed by two courteous, impersonal men. A:what B:whether C:when D:where 答案:D 解析:非限定性定语从句中,先行词表示地点,用where,倒装句,only后面加状语,并放于句首时,句子用倒装;而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。 表示否定意义的副词或短语,如seldom,never,rarely,in no time。 注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb
10、 donewhen这一句型,表示一就(as soon as后不加倒装),主谓一致,当主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,but ,except等短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 表示时间,距离,金钱,速度等的数量词作主语时,通常将其看作是一个整体,为单数。 就近原则:eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等结构作主语时,由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),主语和谓语的一致,是指主语在人称和数方面与谓语动词的一致关系。 例1: There are many valuable
11、services which the public are willing to pay for, but which _ a return in money to the community. A. does not bring B. did not bring C. do not bring D. has not brought 答案 C. do not bring 注释 which的先行词是services,故谓语用第三人称复数形式。 译文有许多有价值的服务项目,公众也愿意支付其费用,但是这些项目没有给社区带来经济回报。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例2: Th
12、e amount of pressure which _the materials are subject to the quality of the products. A. affects B. affect C. affecting D. to be affected 答案 A. affects 注释本句中subject是形容词,后接介词to,其介词宾语是which。 译文这些材料所受到的压力的量影响产品的质量。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例3: There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of
13、 getting cancer than _in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 答案 A. exists 注释 than引导比较状语从句,从句中省略the anxiety which。 译文本应减少人们对患癌症的焦虑,可如今公众心目中这种焦虑却有过之而无不及。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例4: Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life circle of the insect
14、 that _ not fully understood. A. is B. are C. have D. has 答案 B. are 注释关系代词that的先行词是elements,故谓语应为are。 译文尽管进行了大量的研究,在这种昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些因素还没有完全弄懂。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例5:These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than _ in traditional media. A
15、. exist B. exists C. existing D. to exist 答案 A. exist 注释 than引导的定语从句中than作主语,其谓语与带形容词比较级的先行词保持人称与数的一致关系。也有的语法书认为,than引导的是比较从句,后面省略了the restrictions that。 译文与传统媒体中存在的限制相比,这些建议试图更多地限制使用和拷贝数字信息,强调句,基本结构 it is/was+强调部分+that/who(人)+句子中其他成分,强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern),英语常用的强调结构是“It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)
16、+who (that).”。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时用that,但that也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。 1. It is the uses to which television is put determine its value to society. A. they B. those C. that D. who,强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern),2. It was not until he entered the classroom he realized that he had forgotten to do
17、 the homework. A. before B. when C. then D. that 3. It was Isadora Duncan who responsible for many of the innovations that have made modern dance different from classical ballet. A. is B. was C. has been D. were,强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern),4. It is the news most parents of the hope that there is a sa
18、fe and socially approved road to a kind of life they themselves have not had, but their children can. A. that deprive B. that it deprives C. that deprives D. when it deprives 5. It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all in it, and to find, if he is able,
19、common factors which account for the facts that he knows. A. who are B. which are C. who is D. that is,连词的辨析,that:可引导同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句等;that在这些从句中无实际含义,也不担任任何成分。 So+形容词/副词thatsuch+(冠词或形容词)名词that,表示如此以至于。 what:可引导名词性从句,并在从句中担任主语、宾语等。 whetheror/whether or no是否,if则无此用法。 by加表示过去的时间,则主句用过去完成时;加现在,则主句用
20、现在完成时;加将来时间,则主句用将来完成时。 时间状语,条件状语还有某些让步状语中,不出现将来时,要用现在式表示将来时。 分辨一下表示因和果的连词,表示转折的连词,容易出选择题。,连接手段(The Connective),连接手段是考试的重要内容之一。在完形填空试题中经常测试考生正确运用连接手段的能力。连接手段一般包括连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词和关系副词。 例1: On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont _ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston“.
21、A. which B. where C. when D. that 答案 C.when 注释本题测试下列句型:“主语+谓语(过去进行时或过去完成时) +其它成分+when+主语+谓语(一般过去时)+其他成分“。该句型中when引导的分句表示分句行为发生的突然性, when常译为“就在这时“。例如:I had nearly arrived at the town when he suddenly asked me: “Do you speak English?“ 译文在一个下雨天,我正驾车通过Vermont,就在这时我突然注意到一个年轻人举着一块牌子,上面写着“波士顿“。,连接手段(The Co
22、nnective),例2: The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me _ she could remember who last borrowed it. A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only 答案 D. if only 注释 if only与only if不同,if only引导的从句中谓语要用虚拟语气。only if只是if的强调形式。 译文借阅处的年长的图书馆员答应帮我弄到这本书,只要他记得谁最后一次借这本书。,连
23、接手段(The Connective),例3: No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything _ going on in the world. A. it is B. as is C. that is D. what is 答案 C. that is 注释 that is going on in the world是定语从句,修饰everything, 译文没有一个人会有时间去阅读或收听介绍世界上正在发生的每一件事情。,省略句,在一些时间,条件或让步状语从句中,当主句和从句的主语相同,而从句为主系结构时
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