欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and Reformation.ppt
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1、Europe Culture An Introduction 4,Renaissance and Reformation,I. General Introduction II. Renaissance in Italy III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation IV. Renaissance in Other Countries V. Science and Technology during the Renaissance VI. Summing-up,I. Introduction: Renaissance literally translates
2、as rebirth and it stretches from the 14th to the 17th centuries. In the middle ages the Church reigned supreme due to a lack of strong national government and it is in the renaissance that we see the end of feudal society and social changes that pave the way for the rise of the middle classes in the
3、 industrial revolution. Countries grow strong and so do not need to rely on locals to keep control and so we get centralized government.,In the renaissance humanist thinkers attempted to get rid of the conservative ideas and new ideas developed which also helped pave the way for the industrial revol
4、ution. The renaissance began in Florence and Venice with outpourings of art and literature but soon spread to other countries affecting different things. In Italy fine art was the biggest product of the renaissance but in France it was literature and in England philosophy and literature.,The Renaiss
5、ance in Italy:,1)Why did the renaissance begin in Italy? 2) The rise of humanism 3) Renaissance artists 4) The decline of the Italian renaissance,II. Renaissance in Italy,Historical Background The Rise of Humanism New Literature Renaissance Art Decline of the Italian Renaisssance,1)Why did the renai
6、ssance begin in Italy? i) Urbanisation due to tradebig cities are created such as Venice and Milan which thrive on trade because at the heart of the Mediterranean Italy was in the perfect route for trade from all over Europe to go to Africa and vice versa. ii) This in turn led to new ideas through b
7、eing in close contact with different cultures particularly the Arabs who had preserved much of the work of ancient Greece,iii) As a result there is a revival of interest in classical learning and new humanist ideas. Humanism = Man is at the centre of the world and not Godman more significant than Go
8、d hence loss of power by church!,The Rise of Humanism,i) Due to the increase in wealth caused by increased trade there was a new moneyed class with a new philosophy. Intellectuals who used to help train priests and spread Christianity focused their energy on providing these people with a philosophy.
9、 ii) Shakespeare accurately sums up humanist philosophy when he says in Hamlet:,“What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god!” the replacing of Gods significance w
10、ith that of man.,iii) Related to this is a belief in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and the beauty of the human bodyexactly counter to the idea of asceticism and poverty which was the religious philosophy of the Middle Ages. iv) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature of
11、 Italy and other European countries during the renaissance. There is no longer brooding about death and what comes after it but rather a new modern man who works for the present and future progression of man kind.,3) Renaissance Artists,i) Donatello (1386 1466): A sculptor who was one of the first t
12、o visit Rome and study classical ruins. Famous work includes the nude sculpture of David (The Hebrew king slew Goliath) which was in perfect proportions (anatomical knowledge in art).,David,David,David,ii)Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519): known as a painter but his out put was actually relatively small
13、 and included The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa. He was also an inventor who even designed potential flying machines,Self Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci,Mona Lisa,The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da Vinccis Mona Lisa- model wife of a banker - the ambiguity of the smile.,Last Supper,La
14、st Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.,iii).Michelangelo: David, Sistine Chapel(from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ), Dying Slave(垂死的奴隶), Moses(摩西),西斯廷教堂天顶画局部 壁画 36541314米 米开朗期罗 (意大利) 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 (1475 - 1564年),Dying Slave,David,Raphael was best known for his Madonna (Virgin
15、 Mary) (圣母玛利亚) He painted his Madonnas in different postures (姿势), against different backgrounds. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派)。 Plato and Aristotle engaged (使用) in argument.,Madonna of the Chair (油画) (意大利) 拉斐尔 (1514 - 1516年),The Alba Madonna,Titian oil
16、color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World The Venus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯), Man with the Glove (带手套的人),Man with the Glove,III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation,Reformation Pre-Luther Religious Reformers Martin Luther and his Doctrines John Calvin and Calvinism Reformatio
17、n in England Counter-Reformation Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism,Reformation,The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同时) a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (机智) his 95
18、 thesis 。 This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (改革者) engaged (使用) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是:
19、反对罗马天主教,直接形式是用母语翻译圣经,Pre-Luther Religious Reformers,John Wycliffe, chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382. Jan Hus Czech Religious leader,Martin Luther and his Doctrines,Martin Luther was the German leader of the protestant R
20、eformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther, with his translation of the New Testament and later, the whole Bile into the vernacular made the Bible accessible to every man, to the average church goer.,John Calvin and Calvinism,John Calvin 基督教教义
21、one of the most influential theological works. Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会)。 Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。,Reformation i
22、n England,The national religion established after reformation in England was called The Church of England or The Anglican Church. It was under the reign (统治) of Henry that reformation was successful in England. The English Bible was adopted (采纳) in England after Reformation.,Counter-Reformation,Coun
23、ter-Reformation: By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙)。 They mustered (召集) their forces, the dedicated (专用的) Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements
24、 (改良), to bring back its vitality (活力). This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation. Council of Trent The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bile. Ignatius and the Jesuits Ignatius and his followers called themselve
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