高三英语语法复习名词.ppt
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1、,名词,名词的分类,可数名词变复数注意事项,名词的格,名词的分类,可数名词,不可数名词,集体名词,个体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,普通名词,专有名词,teacher, bus,people, crew,.,rice, air,water,knowledge, friendship,名词,China, Bill Gates, the Great Wall,名词:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称。 专有名词:表示个人、地方、团体、机构、节日等专用的名称。如:Beijing, Smith, the Summer Palace, the United States, the Second World War
2、, May Day。单个的专有名词第一个字母大写,由普通名词构成的专有名词,前面有定冠词the,后面的每个单词第一个字母大写。 普通名词:表示同属一类的人或事物,或某种物质或抽象概念的名称。,可数名词:(缩写为C)可以用数目来计数的名词。可以用基数词修饰,也可用many, a good / great many, a number of, few, a few, several等词修饰。 个体名词:表示同属一类的人或事物中的个体。如:student, tree, chair, car, book。个体名词在句中时前面必须有限定词(如the, my, this等)。 集合名词:(又称为集体名词)
3、表示一群人或一类事物。如:army, class, committee, fruit, police,Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg: army; audience; cattle(牛的总称), crew; family; team; police; government; public,集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg: His family isnt large.,Cf: His family are all music lovers.,在不少情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别
4、。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,Public-the public 大众,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,不可数名词:(缩写为U)不可以用数目来计数的名词。不可用基数词直接修饰。 物质名词:表示物质或无法分为个体的东西。如:iron, cotton,
5、 fire, water, beer; cake; cloth; ice; paper; soil,rain。它们需要用单位名词来衡量,如:a piece of bread, a cup of water 抽象名词:表示抽象概念的名词。如:happiness, education, labour, love,一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份),Three beers, please. (三杯),It was a
6、 special tea. (一种),2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg: rains (雨季)snows (积雪)waters(海域),A heavy rain, a strong wind,【注1】对于单个单词来说,它既可能是可数名词,也可能是不可数名词。如: many rooms (很多房间)-much room(大量空间);rubber(橡胶)-two rubbers(两块橡皮); iron(铁)- an iron(一只熨斗); glass(玻璃)- a glass(一个玻璃杯); wood(木头)- a woods(一片树林); paper(纸)- a paper(
7、一份报纸、文件),有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 铜 ) stone ) 石料 paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(关系),a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 铜币板 ) a stone ( 一块石头 ) a paper ( 报纸,证件,论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大国 ) a beaut
8、y ( 美人,美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚),orange 桔子C;橙汁U; water水U;水域(pl. waters); paper纸U;论文;报纸;试卷C; land土地;陆地;大地U;国家C; word单词;话语C;消息U; work工作U;作品C;重工业工厂(单复数同形:works); experience经验U;经历C; wood木头U;树林C(可用复形woods,也可用单形 character 人物;角色;字体C;品德,性格U; difficulty 困难U;难题C; room房间C;空间U; glass玻璃杯C;玻璃U;
9、 stone石头块C;石料U; sand沙子U;沙滩(复形:sands); green绿色U;蔬菜,青菜(用复形:greens); help帮助U;助手C; people人们(集合名词,无复形);民族C,【注2】请牢记下列典型的不可数名词及词义。 advice 忠告,建议baggage / luggage 行李 change零钱 cloth布 clothing 衣物 equipment 设备 furniture 家具 knowledge 知识information 信息 news 消息 weather天气wealth 财富 damage 损坏work 工作 word 消息,信息 homewor
10、k 家庭作业 housework 家务 poetry诗歌(总称)machinery(机器设备);jewellery珠宝(总称); Fun 乐趣 fun:1.作不可数名词,表示“乐趣,享乐”。 1.We had a lot of fun at the party. 我们在派对上玩得很开心。 2.Have fun! 玩得开心点!,【注3】部分抽象名词可与a(an)连用,此时词义发生变化。如:surprise(一件令人惊讶的事), pleasure(一件让人愉悦的事), honour(一件荣幸的事), help(一个助手), success(一件成功的事/一个成功的人),a heavy rain(一
11、场大雨),two coffees(两份咖啡),a long time(一段很长的时间),two deaths(两个死亡的人)。,有些名词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念,与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物,beauty(美,美貌)-a beauty(一个美人或美物),danger(危险)a danger,failure(失败)a failure,honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的人或事),must( 必须)a must(一件必要的事或物),pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事),(一件失败的事或一个失败的人),(一件危险的事或一个危险的人),service(服务)a se
12、rvice(一个服务机构),success(成功)a success,surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事),pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事),worry(担心)a worry,experience(经验)an experience(一次经历),(一件成功的事或一个成功的人),(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人),He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET95) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. we
13、alth; works,Can you give us some _ about the writer? Ainformations Binformation Cpiece of informations Dpieces information,Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today. (NMET96) A. a knowledge B. knowledges C. knowledge D. the knowledge,可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s 以-s,-x,-ch,-
14、sh结尾的加-es 以辅音字母加y结尾时,把y变成i,再加-es 以f或fe结尾时,把f,fe改为v,再加es,1一般情况,直接加-s: e.g. sport-sports,boy-boys, hat-hats 2以s, x, ch, sh结尾发s、t、d音的词,加es: e.g. busbuses, boxboxes, bushbushes, branchbranches, 注:stomachstomachs(stomach词尾发/k/,故复数直接加-s) 3辅音字母+ y,变y为i,加-es: e.g. universityuniversities, city-cities, story-
15、 stories 元音字母+ y,直接加-s: e.g. boyboys, day-days 特例:Henry(亨利)-Henrys, Mary- Marys, stand-by(备用的人或物)-stand-bys, penny(便士)-pennies / pence,How many does a cow have? - Four. Astomaches Bstomach Cstomachs Dstomachies,4以o结尾 加-es: e.g. NegroNegroes,heroheroes, tomatotomatoes, potatopotatoes, volcano-volcano
16、es, mosquito(蚊子)-mosquitoes, echo(回音)-echoes 加-s:e.g.zoozoos, kangaroo-kangaroos, studio-studios, radioradios, pianopianos, photophotos, bamboo-bamboos, hippo(河马)-hippos, tobacco(烟叶)-tobaccos, kilo(千克)-kilos, auto(汽车)-autos 特例:motto(座右铭,箴言)-mottos / mottoes,zero-zeros / zeroes,5以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es
17、:e.g. leafleaves, wifewives, thief-thieves, half-halves 特例:beliefbeliefs, roofroofs, proofproofs, safesafes(保险柜),cliff(悬崖)-cliffs chiefchiefs,gulfgulfs(海湾), serf(农奴)-serfshandkerchief(手帕)- handkerchiefs / handkerchieves, scarf(围巾)- scarfs / scarves,,The _ of the building are covered with lots of _.
18、Aroofs; leaves Brooves; leafs Croof; leaf Droofs; leafs,6. 字母、数字、缩写词以及引语的复数: e.g. There are three as in the word banana. 在banana这个单词中有三个a。 The war broke out in the 1940s / 1940s. 战争爆发于二十世纪四十年代。 He left out two 4s in that number. 他在那个数字中漏了两个4。 You used too many thats in your speech. 在演讲中你用了太多的that。 S
19、tudent 这个单词中有个s There is a/an s in the word “student”.,“某国人”的复数形式: 单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, 变man为men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 但:German-Germans,Some _ visited our school last Wednesday. AGerman BGermen CGermans DGerme
20、ns,不规则变化,变内部元音。如:foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen 词尾加-en或ren。如:ox-oxen, child-children 单复数相同。如:sheep, deer, fish ,aircraft, steelworks, means, Chinese, Swiss, Japanese,. 汉语音译词无复数形式。(表示度量衡,币制等单位的名词)如:five yuan,six jin, two jiao,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词
21、变为复数。 father-in-law passer-by looker-on editor-in-chief 无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups, good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens (中间人),look-outs(守望者) 由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers Boy friends, girl friends, book marks, tooth brushes,fathers-in-law,passers-by,lookers-o
22、n,editors-in-chief,Mr Smith has two _, both of whom are teachers in a school. Abrothers-in-law Bbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-laws Dbrothers-in law,常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词: glasses, trousers, regards ,wishes gloves, shoes, scissors, greens possessions 财产, socks, handcuffs(手铐), jeans(牛仔裤), earnings(薪水), sa
23、vings(储蓄),findings(调查结果), clothes, surroundings(环境), greetings(致敬), goods, twins, resources, woods, forces(军队), arms(军火), plastics(塑料制品), manners(礼貌), times(时代), sands(沙滩), works(著作,作品)contents(内容), thanks, congratulations, tears, ashes, ,(问候),(青菜),在短语中用复数形式的名词。 如:do exercises, take turns, take note
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