Lectture11Vivien.ppt
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1、,Chapter 5 Word-formation in English,Minor processes of Word Formation,I Revision,Prefixation Suffixation Conversion Compounding,Conversion,Definition: assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. E.g. release-release full conversion VS partial conversion (the wealthy, the po
2、or, the ignorant) (1)Conversion to nouns (2)Conversion to verbs (3)Conversion to adjectives (4)Minor categories of conversion,Conversion to nouns. (1) deverbal: dismay, want; fall, laugh; coach,cover;lie, divide (2) de-adjectival: two pints of bitter; they are running in the final. regular, young ma
3、rrieds. Conversion to verbs. (1) denominal: bottle, peel, nurse, mail (2) de-ajectival: calm, dirty, dry,Compounding,Compounding can occur not only in the three major word class(n./ a./v.) but also in other word class: prep.: into, within, by means of, instead of pron.: each other, one another, anyb
4、ody adv.: somehow, upside down, headlong,Features,Orthographically (1) solid, e.g. bedtime (2) hyphenated, e.g. above-mentioned (3) open, e.g. reading material Phonologically a main stress on the first and a secondary stress on the second element. e.g. blackbird black bird headmaster Semantically -m
5、eaning which may be related to but not simple combination of its parts.(darkroom),Noun compounds,(1) subject and verb sunrise, catcall, daybreak, heartbeat, nightfall crybaby, drift ice, turntable, watchdog cleaning woman, firing machine, wading bird investigating committee,(2) verb and object birth
6、-control, haircut, self-destruction sight-seeing, brainwashing, town-planning, housekeeping language teacher, gamekeeper, matchmaker stockholder call-girl, treadmill; chewing gun, drinking water,(3) Verb and adverbial swimming pool, freezing point, diving board adding machine, sewing machine churchg
7、oing, horse riding, sleepwalking fly-fishing, shadow-boxing backswimmer, city-dweller, daydreamer field-work, table talk, night flight, gun fight smallpox vaccination, tax-exemption searchlight, springboard, grindstone,(4) subject and object windmill, cable car, air rifle toy factory, honey-bee, oil
8、 well, tear gas cane sugar, bloodstain, telephone receiver security officer, fireman, deckhand,(5) subject and complement girl friend, pine tree, feeder bus, tape-measure darkroom, double-talk, hot house, blueprint frogman, catfish, dragonfly, tissue paper raindrop, chocolate bar, sand dune, snow fl
9、ake tea room, facecloth, flypaper, flowerbed,(6) Combining form and noun agriculture, barometer, horticulture (7) Exocentric compounds birdbrain, blockhead,Adjective compounds,breathtaking, heartbreaking, law-abiding homemade, handmade, heartfelt, air-borne self-appointed, self-taught, self-styled d
10、ry-cleaned, well-meant dustproof, carsick, foolproof, war-weary, tax-free brick red, rock-hard, sea-green, bottle-green grey-green, deaf-mute, Sino-Italian, aural-oral,Verb compounds,fire-watch, lip-read, brain-wash, house-keep bottle-feed, window-shop, sleep-walk, daydream tick-tock, rat-a-rat, bow
11、-wow, see-saw wishy-washy, dilly-dally, shilly-shally, tip-top, teeny-weeny,汉语中的重叠词,现代汉语的名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词以及量词都可以按照一定的格式重叠。 如: AA式:爸爸、抱抱等; AAB式:毛毛雨、悄悄话等; BAA式:亮晶晶、热乎乎等; AABC 式:楚楚动人、心心相印等; BCAA式:可怜巴巴、浓烟滚滚等; AABB式:干干净净、明明白白等; ABAB式:讨论讨论、琢磨琢磨等; A-A式:想一想、看一看等。,Minor processes of Word Formation,Minor proce
12、ss of word formation,I. Abbreviation 缩略法 1.1 Clipping截短词 1.2 Initialism 首字母缩略词 1.3 Acronymy 首字母拼音词 1.4 Blending拼缀词 II. Backformation 逆生法 III. Analogy 类比法 IV. Onomatopoeia 拟声词,缩略法 abbreviation,汉语: 提字缩略法: 科技、师院、环保、参赛、科研 、高校 合字缩略法: 海内外海内、海外,离退休离休、退休等 流动人口办公室:人流办 * 汉语中比较独特的数字缩略法: 三包包修、包换、包退 四有有理想、有道德、有文
13、化、有纪律 三个代表 八荣八耻,中国工商银行ICBC (Industry and Commercial Bank of China)爱存不存! 中国农业银行ABC (Agriculture Bank of China) 啊,不存! 中国银行 BC(Bank of China) 不存! 中国建设银行CCB(China Construction Bank) 存存吧! 中国交通银行BCM ( China bankcomm) 不存吗? 招行银行 CMBC(Merchants) 存吗?白痴! 北京市商业银行BCCB(Beijing City Commercial Bank) “白存存不?” 国家开发银行
14、C D B(China Development Bank) 存点吧!,Clipping缩短法,-shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original without changing its meaning. e.g. gas (from gasoline)汽油 bus (from omnibus)公共汽车 1) Front clipping 2) Back clipping 3) Front and back clipping 4) Middle clipping 5) Phrase clipping 6) Journalis
15、t clipping 7) Back clipping + suffix,1) Front clipping: chute (from parachute)降落伞 quake (from earthquake) copter (from helicopter)直升机 2) Back clipping: French fries (from French fried potatoes) memo (from memorandum)备忘录 taxi (from taxicab, cab used in the U.S) dorm (from dormitory), 3) Front and bac
16、k clipping: flu (from influenza)流行性感冒 script (from prescription)处方,药方,对策 tec (from detective),4) Middle clipping curtsy (from curtsey)礼貌,恩惠 maths/math (from mathematics) specs (from spectacles) 眼镜 5) Phrase clipping lube (from lubricating oil) 润滑油 nylons (from stockings made by nylon)尼龙长袜 Three-D (f
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