学术英语科技文写作摘要.ppt
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1、Abstract Writing,Introduction,An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form.,Parts of an Abstract,Motivation: Why do we care abo
2、ut the problem and the results? Problem statement: What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work?,Approach: How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Results: Whats the answer? Conclusions: What are the implications of your answer?,Length,100150 words,15
3、of the full paper U.S.A.: 250 words for master thesis abstract,350 words for Doctor dissertation abstract.,第一部分 摘要的内容,一、说明性摘要,简明介绍论文涉及的议题和论点,主要概括论文的涉及范围、研究方向和研究目的,不涉及论据和结论。 容易理解,但无法提供更多的详细信息,Sample 1,Role of Pathway in Self-Access Centers Abstract This article discusses some roles for self-access pa
4、thways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. It suggests how pathways might influence,the design and running of self-access centers, and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a center in China. Feedback is based on mini-survey distributed to t
5、hirty users.,Analysis: 1. main points (1) roles for self-access pathway (2) influence to the design and running of self-access center (3) how pathway were designed and employed in a centre in China 2. original material,Sample 2,From the aspects of English title, authors signature and affiliation, En
6、glish abstract and English keywords, the paper describes the writing characteristics, patterns and some errors that should be avoided in abstract writing. At the time, it stresses paying attention to the objectiveness,science and language style of abstract writing. The standardization of English abs
7、tract writing will be beneficial to the sci-tech papers to be quoted by International abstract journals, and to the impacts of scientific research in China.,使用范畴,一般在科研论文中不予使用 刊登在文献索引期刊中 讨论性文章、综述性文章、图书或某些会议论文集,二. 信息性摘要,是原文内容要点的总结,报道原文献中的具体内容: 知识背景或文献回顾 研究的主要目的和范围 所使用的研究手段和方法 主要研究结果和结论、以及建议等。,要求,结构完整,
8、语言简洁易懂,反映论文的基本面貌,一般情况下能够代替阅读论文全文。 重点突出文中提及的新发现,新结论。 要注解标题,给出答案,描述步骤,突出与传统研究的差异。 此类文摘篇幅稍长,一般为100250词,多者可达500词1000词。,Example,纳米ZnO生长及性质分析 Growth and Properties of Nano ZnO Abstract: By using low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor phase deposition (LP-MOCVD) technology, ZnO nanorods(纳米柱) were grown
9、with ZnO particles as catalyst on Si (111) substrates surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman,spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterize the crystalline quality, crystal structure, surface properties and optical properties of the ZnO nano-rod s
10、amples. The results show that ZnO nano-rods have a preferential c-axis orientation. (轴择优取向性),Oxygen partial pressure was found to have important influence on the growth of ZnO nanorods. When oxygen partial pressure is low, the growth of ZnO is based on VLS growth mechanism; when oxygen partial press
11、ure is high, the growth of ZnO is based on VS growth mechanism; ZnO growth can,be optimized by changing the flow rate of N2O. Currently the use of MOCVD and ZnO catalyst(催化剂) for the growth of nano-ZnO arrays are less reported. The paper has enriched ZnO nano-materials synthesizing methods, and the
12、growth control mechanism was discussed.,摘 要: 利用低压金属有机化学气相沉积(LP-M0cVD)技术,在表面含有ZnO颗粒作为催化剂的si(111)衬底上制备了ZnO纳米柱阵列。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、喇曼光谱 (Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光致发光(PL)谱分析了样品的晶体结构质量、表面性质和光学性质。结果表明,生长出来的纳米ZnO具有较好的轴择优取向性。发现氧分压对ZnO纳米柱的生长有重要影响:当氧分压较低时,生长基于VLS机制;当氧分压较高时,生长基于VS机制;通过对N2O流量的控制可实现对ZnO纳米材料的可控生长.,使用范畴,研究
13、或试验报告 研究论文及专题论文,第二部分 摘要的撰写要求,Writing Principles 行文原则,Principle A.B.C. A: Accuracy B: Brevity C: Clarity,A: Accuracy,Accurate expression by right words e.g. symtom -sigh safety - security safety precautions, safety belt, safety valve, safety island, safety operation (安全,平安) Security Council, security
14、 category,security van (安全,保障,保护),B: Brevity,Use short sentences mostly e.g. The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious that it is accidently discovered when a blood count is obtained for other reasons or when the patient reports to his physician that he has noted a few enlarged lymph
15、notes or felt, while bathing, a firm left quadrant abdominal mass.,Change the long one into short: The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious. it is accidently found when a blood count is obtained for other reasons. Sometimes the patients own discovery of a few enlarged lymph notes and
16、 firm left quadrant abdominal mass may lead to its diagnosis.,Get rid of the unnecessary words in a sentence. e.g. English language is about one-half redundant. to: English is half redundant.,C: Clarity,Well-structured, not exaggerated, specifically described e.g. The cross-section was (6.250.26)*10
17、-24cm2* not: the cross-section was measured.,Be objective Do not use following words: perhaps, maybe, likely, possibly, probably Do not use tendentious comments,缩短摘要的方法,1. 摘要中的第一句话尽量不要与题名重复。 e.g. A Wave Function for the H Center in LiF. A wave function for the H center in LiF(白血病抑制因子) is proposed as
18、suming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits(分子轨道). A linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits is assumed. The,2. 取消一些不必要的词句。 e.g. in this paper, it is reported that, Extensive investigations show that. The author discusses , This paper conerned with. 3. 减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述或者不必要
19、的背景信息。 可以对物理量单位及通用词语适当简化。 e.g. 3km for Three kilometers, 5s for five seconds U.S. for the United States,第三部分 摘要的文体,语言特点,谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份相对复杂。 大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词。 使用不提及人的陈述句。,尽量使用短句子,但也应避免简单单调。 e.g. An enhancement, which is named as ABC, is proposed to get a more powerful object-oriented method. 改为:
20、An enhancement, ABC, is proposed. It is a more powerful object-oriented method. 2. 正确使用冠词、包括the, a, an 3. 用预置短语分开或者用连字符断开名词组,避免长形容词修饰名词,4. 造句时尽量使动词靠近主语。 e.g. The de-colorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 h of UV irradiation, was irreversible. 改成 : The de-colori
21、zation was irreversible after 10 h of UV irradiation while the pigment was dissolved in dioxane.,5. 尽量应用重要的事实开头,避免短语或者从句开头 e.g. From data obtained experimentally, fuel consumption in a reactor core was determined. 改成: Fuel consumption in a reactor core was determined from data obtained experimentall
22、y,6. 删繁就简, 用合适的短语代替从句,用合适的词代替短语 e.g. has been found to increase increased was considered to be was it would seem that seemingly 7. 摘要中尽量避免使用第一人称we,I为主语。 e.g. In this paper, we discuss the application conditions of this method The application conditions of this method are discussed.,摘要的时态,一般现在时(主要时态)
23、 一般过去时 现在完成时,一般现在时,叙述研究方法和目的 Example: This article sets out four of the main misconceptions, discusses why they have arisen, and why they can be so described.,介绍研究背景中不受时间影响的普遍事实。 Example Coffee has several metabolic effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation.咖啡具有几种可降低胆石形成的代谢作用。,报道研究结果
24、 Example: The results show that the period of induction and the patent period of stressor can be initially confirmed by the electrical conductivity of medium and the variability of soluble protein in tomato.,陈述结论,提出建议或是描述一般规律 Example: In doing this, the article attempts to define some important char
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