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1、 中小型现浇混凝土防渗渠道衬砌施工技术探讨摘要:现在,在全国各地的引调水、农业节水灌溉工程建设中,由于混凝土防渗渠道具有良好的防渗效果,已在水利工程建设中得到了广泛的应用。为了保证现浇混凝土防渗渠道效果和耐久性,除了正确合理的设计以外,必须严格提高施工技术水平,加强对混凝土的品质、配合比质量的波动以及混凝土的拌和运输、浇筑、养护等施工工艺的监督和管理,以保证施工质量,做到优质、经济、安全。下面结合自己的工作经历论述现浇混凝土梯形断面防渗渠道的各方面的工艺流程:施工准备、混凝土材料、混凝土配合比、混凝土的拌和和运输、混凝土的浇筑、养护及拆模等工艺流程及其质量控制。 关键词:渠道 混凝土
2、 防渗 施工 目前,全社会大力推行节水灌溉的措施,渠道作为节水灌溉的重要组成部分,但渠道的防渗效果较差渗漏严重。根据调查发现,渠道渗漏的水量占渠系损失水量的绝大部分,一般的情况下占渠首引水水量的30左右,在比较大的、灌溉设备较差的灌区和渠系防渗较差的地区可高达50以上。渠系的水量损失不仅降低了渠系的水利用系数,减少了灌溉的面积,浪费了宝贵的水资源,而且有些地方会引起地下水位的上升,导致土地渍害。在受盐碱威胁的地区,会引起土壤的盐渍化。同时水量的损失会增加灌溉成本和农民的水费的负担,降低了灌溉的效率。为了减少渠道的水量的损失,提高渠系的水利用系数,一方面要加强渠系
3、工程配套和维护,实行科学的调配,不断的提高渠系的管理水平。另一方面要采取防渗措施,减少渠道的渗漏水量。现在,在全国各地的引调水、农业节水灌溉工程建设中,由于混凝土防渗渠道具有良好的防渗效果,一般减少渗漏损失水量的85以上,可以提高输水能力,减小渠道的断面尺寸和耐久性强的特点,是适用于不同的地形,气候和使用条件的大中小型渠道和农业节水灌溉工程建设中得到了广泛的应用。为了保证现浇混凝土防渗渠道效果和耐久性,除了正确合理的设计以外,必须严格提高施工技术水平,加强对混凝土的品质、配合比质量的波动以及混凝土的拌和运输、浇筑、养护等施工工艺的监督和管理,以保证施工质量,做到优质、经济、安全。下面结合自己的
4、工作经历论述现浇梯形断面混凝土防渗渠道的各方面的工艺流程:施工准备、混凝土材料、混凝土配合比、混凝土的拌和和运输、混凝土的浇筑、养护及拆模等工艺流程及其质量控制。1. 施工准备渠道防渗工程施工前,应进行详细的施工组织设计,充分做好料场和拌合场等施工工地的布置以及施工用电,用水,道路和机器设备的准备工作,应对试验和施工的设备进行检测和测试运行,如果不符合要求,应予以更换和调整。在施工条件极其艰苦,无实验仪器和设备的条件下,可以将试验委托有资质的实验机构进行。还应做好永久性和必要的临时性的排水设施,确保混凝土衬砌的渠床符合施工要求和提供良好的施工的条件。1.1 地基处理渠道
5、防渗工程施工前,应对渠道进行施工放样,具体的放样尺寸应按照设计图纸要求进行。放样出渠道底脚线和渠口线共四条线,然后进行机械开挖或人工开挖,土方的开挖应提前进行,使得地基的土的水分在自然风干下尽量降低以增强土基的强度,减轻冬季冻胀的破坏。衬砌渠道多为新建渠道,根据不同的地形有的渠道需要开挖,有的渠道需要填方。挖方式渠道的基础比较坚硬,但其开挖面在开挖的过程中发生松动,在防渗体工程铺筑之前必须将其清理干净,然后回填,渠基整平、夯实。填方式渠道的基础比较松散,在衬砌前迎接和灌溉用水有意识的加大水位对渠道进行浸水预沉,但仍然难以达到衬砌所需的密实度的要求,必须进行夯实。对于改建渠道防渗,应尽早的停止放
6、水并扒松渠基风干,然后根据实际情况回填新土并分层夯实。无论是新建渠道还是改建渠道在回填夯实前,必须将渠床内的淤泥、腐质土、垃圾及隐藏的砖石清理干净。为避免表面干燥和施工人为地因素的践踏及雨水的冲刷而造成的起尘和破坏,渠道削坡应在混凝土浇筑前一天进行,削坡时应严格控制高程和表面平整度,采用人工挂线精削。如果渠道开挖或回填与设计的误差较大时,可以采用多次修坡的方法。如果削坡过量时不能用浮土回填,应采用与现浇同标号的混凝土填充或者新土回填夯实。1 . 2 模板工程模板是混凝土工程的重要辅助作业,其主要作用是对新浇混凝土起成型和支撑作用,同时还具有保护和改善混凝土表面质量的作用。根据制作材
7、料,模板可分为木模板、钢模板、混凝土模板、钢筋混凝土预制模板。在中小型水利工程中一般使用木模板和钢模板。在制作加工时模板的允许的偏差应符合表1-2-1的规定要求。模板的安装必须按照设计图纸测量放样,对重要结构应多设控制点,以利于检查校核。模板要求拼装严密准确,不漏浆,表面平整,不产生过大变形。现浇砼模板安装净距沿渠道纵向的允许偏差值为10mm,沿宽度方向的允许偏差值为30mm。安装尺寸允许偏差值不得超过水工混凝土施工规范的规定。表1-2-1 模板制作的允许偏差1偏
8、 差 名 称允许偏差值(mm)木 模钢 模与现浇边坡混凝土板设计斜长和表面模板设计长度相应尺寸的偏差2010与混凝土板设计厚度和伸缩缝设计深度、宽度相应尺寸的偏差32模板面局部不平整度32拼接的相邻两板面高差1 拼接板的缝隙1 连接配件的孔眼位置 1 2. 混凝土材料2.1 水的质量要求 凡可以饮用的水均可用于拌制和养护混凝土。未经处理的工业废水 ,污水及沼泽水不能使用,如果在极其缺水的艰苦条件下,也可以使用其它水如地表水、地下水或其
9、它类型的水,但必须符合水工混凝土施工规范,方可使用。对钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土工程不允许使用海水。拌制和养护混凝土用水还应符合表2-1-1要求。表2-1-1 拌制和养护混凝土用水的质量控制要求项 目钢筋混凝土素混凝土项 目钢筋混凝土素混凝土PH值>4>4氯化物(以cl-计)mg/L<1200<3500不溶物mg/L<2000<5000硫酸盐(以SO42-计)mg/L<2700<2700 可溶物mg/L<5000<10000 2.2水泥的质量控制水泥品种较多,按用途和性能分为通用水泥、专用水泥
10、及特种水泥。通用水泥主要用于一般土建工程。包括硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥、粉煤硅酸盐水泥以及复合硅酸盐水泥。在使用水泥的时候必须区分水泥的品种及强度等级掌握其性能和使用方法,根据工程的具体情况合理选择与使用水泥,这样既可提高工程质量又能节约水泥。在施工过程中还应注意以下几点:(1)、优先使用散装水泥。(2)、运到工地的水泥,应按标明的品种、强度等级、生产厂家和出厂批号,分别储存到有明显标志的仓库中,不得混装。(3)、水泥在运输和储存过程中应防水防潮,已受潮结块的水泥应经处理并检验合格方可使用。 (4)、水泥库房应有排水、通风措施,保持干燥。堆放袋装水泥时,应
11、设防潮层,距地面、边墙至少30CM,堆放高度不得超过15袋,并留出运输通道。(5)、先出厂的水泥先用。(6)、应避免水泥的散失浪费,作好环境保护。 2.3 骨料的质量控制砂、石骨料是混凝土最基本的组成成分。对混凝土用量很大的水利水电工程,砂、石骨料的需求量是很大的,骨料的质量好坏直接影响混凝土强度、水泥用量和混凝土要求,从而影响水工建筑物的质量和造价。为此,在水利水电工程施工中应统筹规划,认真研究砂石骨料储量、物理力学指标、杂质含量。2.3.1 骨料料场选择骨料料场的合理选择是保证骨料质量、促进工程进展的有力保障。其必须满足第一、渠道混凝土对骨料的各项质量要
12、求,其储量力求满足各设计级配的需要,并有必要的富裕量。第二、主要料场应场地开阔,高程适宜,储量大,质量好。2.3.2 骨料的质量要求骨料的质量要求包括:强度、抗冻、化学成分、颗粒形状、级配和杂质含量。骨料分为粗骨料和细骨料。 (一)、粗骨料质量要求:(1)、粗骨料最大粒径:不应超过钢筋净距的2/3、构件断面最小边长的1/4、素混凝土板厚的1/2。对少筋或无筋的混凝土结构 ,应选用较大的粗骨料粒径。(2)、 在施工中,宜将粗骨料按粒径分成下列几种粒径组合:当最大粒径为40mm时,分成D20、D40两级;当最大粒径为80mm时,分成D20、D40、D80三级;当最大粒径为150(120
13、)mm时,分成D20、D40、D80、D150(D120)四级;(3)、应控制各级骨料的超、逊径含量。(4)、采用连续级配或间断级配 ,应由实验确定。(5)、粗骨料表面应洁净,如有裹粉、裹泥或被污染等应清除。(6)、粗骨料的其它品质要求见下表2-3-1 表2-3-1 粗骨料的品质要求项目指标备注含泥量%D20 D40粒径级1 D80,D150(D120)粒径级0.5 泥块含量不允许 坚固性%有抗冻要求的混凝土5 无抗冻要求的混凝土12 硫化物及硫酸盐含量%0.5折算成SO3,
14、 按重量计有机质含量浅于标准色如深于标准色,应进行混凝土强度对比实验,抗压强度比不应低于0.95表观密度kg/m32550 吸水率%2.5 针片状颗粒含量%15经实验论证,可以放宽至25%(二)、细骨料质量要求:(1)、细骨料应质地坚硬、清洁、继配良好;人工砂的细度模数宜在2.4-2.8范围内,天然砂的细度模数宜在2.2-3.0范围内。使用山砂、粗砂、特细砂应经实验论证。(2)、细骨料的含水率应保持稳定 ,人工砂饱和面干的含水率不宜超过6%,必要时应采取加速脱水措施。(3)、 细骨料的其它品质要求见下表2-3-2表2-3-2 细骨料的品质
15、要求 项目指标备注天然砂人工砂organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth Leagu
16、e Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than
17、70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions
18、 implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combine
19、d with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading
20、 cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establi
21、shment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots
22、cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school
23、 system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group
24、 member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of t
25、he party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and oth
26、er grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development o
27、f XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities ca
28、dres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Yo
29、uth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to stren
30、gthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts
31、to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association,
32、 Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of infor
33、mation and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal
34、 Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information coll
35、ection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management wo
36、rk. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition
37、of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explor
38、e the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping
39、theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaga
40、nda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the time
41、s, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning ta
42、sks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political educati
43、on of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents
44、 with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new pe
45、riod, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on D
46、evelopment era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to gra
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