英语短文写作方法范例.ppt
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1、英语短文写作方法范例,1原 因 篇 分析原因是英语议论文写作的一个常见题型。例如: Why do todays young people have difficulty in reading and writing? Why is the world getting smaller and smaller? Why has the divorce rate in China increased in recent years? 作文要求考生对这类社会现象或社会问题进行解释。按照十句作文模式,这种类型的作文的基本写法如下: PI S (l) Problem (general) S (2) Pro
2、blem (specific) PII S(3) Thesis S(4) Cause 1 S(5) Detail 1 S(6) Detail 2 S(7) Cause 2 S(8) Detail l S(9) Detail 2 . PIII S(10) conclusion,Sample 1 Why College Students Take a Part-time Job Outline: 1.最近几年越来月多的大学生加入打工队伍 2.为什么大学生要打工 3.大学生打工的意义 用数据和事实 (1) According to a recent survey, 引出将要讨论 about 25 p
3、ercent of Chinese college 的现实 students now hold a part-time or temporary job, compared with nearly none 10 years ago, and this figure increases to 72 percent during summer 形象化描写 vacation. (2) College students are seen waiting on tables, clerking in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in familie
4、s and doing whatever work they can find.,承上启下,引出解 (3)Why do they want odd 释/同位语 jobs-jobs usually requiring little skill 原因一/短句变化 and knowledge? (4) The primary reason, I think, is money.(5) Feeling the pressure of soaring inflation as books,movies and bus fares have all gone up in price, there is s
5、carcely a young boy or girl who does not want to 措词变化 earn a little money to help cover the increasingly higher college costs, and at best save enough to go traveling or buy things they have long desired. (6) In this way they hope to be economically independent and avoid the indignity of having to a
6、sk for money again and again.,原 因 二 (7) Besides they want to gain some experience in the ways of society. (8) Students growing up from nursery school to college only know about books and have 措词变化 trouble dealing with realities. (9) Working on a part-time basis can provide them with a rare opportuni
7、ty to know the outside world and prepare them for a future career. 总结全文, (10)The significance for college 指明意义 students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience: It will broaden their outlook and exert a profound influence on their personality and life.,评析 这篇作文主要是解释大学生打工这一社会现象。作
8、者谈了两个方面的原因。一是money.由于近几年的通货膨胀、物价飞涨和大学生本身经济独立意识的增强,他们需要有钱。二是experience。这是因为书本知识和现实世界之间的距离以及大学生今后工作和生活的需要。文章最后一段虽只有一句,但作者不仅总结了全文的两个原因,而且还进一步指出了大学生打工对于他们人生观形成所具有的深远意义。好的结尾能使读者加深认识,起到画龙点睛的作用。一般说来,总结全文要点,进一步点明、深化主题,或展望未来,指明前景、呼吁读者行动起来是结尾的常用方法。但在原因型议论文中,结尾大多是以提出建议或解决问题的方法为主,形成 Problem-Causes-Solution结构。,本
9、文的开头作者采用了两个写作技巧。一是引用具体的数据,二是运用形象化的描写,让读者实实在在感到大学生打工这一现象,这远比 “Nowadays more and more students are doing different kinds of jobs“丰富、生动、具体。 这篇作文也比较注意语言的变化。 要表达“越来越“的意思,除了more and more 还可用其他表达法。例如: Learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures have been understood. 一旦
10、基本结构掌握后,学习英语就似乎变得越来越难了。 There are indications that school cheating is on the rise. 有迹象表明学校的作弊行为越演越烈。 People in growing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV. 越来越多的人宁肯呆在家里看电视。 而本文在表达打工这一概念时,作者用了hold a temporary job,do odd jobs,work on a part-time basis,do whatever work they can find, do a part-
11、time job 等,甚至用具体描写来表示打工的意思:waiting on tables,clerking in stores,advertising in streets,teaching in families.,这就避免了文章在表达上的累赘重复。再如,同样要表达“得到“,一个用 earn a little money, 一个用 gain some experience.,译文 大学生为什么要打工 根据最近一次调查,大约有25% 的中国大学生在打工,到了暑假,这个数字上升到72%,而与10年前相比,当时几乎没有这种现象。我们现在到处可以看到大学生在饭店里当服务员,在商店当营业员,在街上做广
12、告,在家里做家教,只要有工作,什么都干。 为什么他们会干这种一般没有什么技术和知识的零工?我认为主要原因是钱。现在书价、电影票、汽车票的价格都上涨了,感受到通货膨胀压力的大学生无不想赚点钱来贴补越来越高的大学费用,或至少能积点钱可去旅游或买些他们一直要想买的东西。他们希望通过这种方式来获得经济上的独立,避免一再伸手要钱这种有损尊严的行为。除此以外,他们还想以此积紧一些社会经验。他们从幼儿园直到读大学,接触的都是书本知识。在如何应付现实生活上都存在困难。而打工使他们有了了解外部世界的难得的机会,为他们将来的工作作好准备。 大学生打工的意义还不仅在于钱和经验。打工使他们开阔了眼界,并对他们的个性培
13、养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。,Sample 2 A Boom in Adult Education Outline: 1.现在许多成年人都利用业余时间去大学或夜校读书 2.出现这种成人教育热的原因是 3.结论 用个别故事,引出 (1) Every Tuesday and Friday 全文要讨论的 evening sees Miss Li, my neighbor and a 普遍现象 secretary in a company rush home after a hard days work, gulp down her meals and then hurry out to catch
14、 the bus for her English class. (2) Miss Lis case is not unique, and now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college.,承上启下,引出解释 (3)There are a number of reasons for people to go back for their education. 原因一 (4)Some people, like Miss Li,are do
15、ing it to acquire another degree or diploma to impress the society.(5)To them more knowledge, or rather,more credentials means more opportunities for better jobs 原因二 and quicker promotion. (6) Other people, especially those who are laid off or out of employment go to vocational school to prepare to
16、return to the job market. (7) They are eager for new skills so that they can be qualified for the jobs in retail trade, administration, education and other service categories to which they are strange,because most of them were blue- collar 原因三 workers in the factory (8) There are also people who com
17、e to take such courses as Chinese traditional medicine, painting, calligraphy and photography. (9) As their working weeks decline people begin to have time to fulfill their old dream or their hearts desire. 归纳全文,指出意义 (10) Out of necessity or out of interest, people go back to school for the common g
18、oal 同位语 to improve themselves, and this boom in adult education, in turn, helps to raise the intellectual standard of the whole country.,评析 这篇作文分析了成人教育热的原因 。作者是通过剖析三种成年人读书的动机来展开论述的 。第一种人是那些青年人,他们已有了文凭或学位,为了获得更好的工作或晋升的机会而读书 。第二种人是下岗失业者。他们大多数人已步入不惑之年,为了适应产业结构的变化,重新找到工作而学习新技术。第三种人纯粹是出于兴趣爱好来学习 中医、绘画、书法等
19、。 原因型论说文常可用这样的句型引出原因 : There are several (a number of, a variety of) reasons (causes) for (why ). First (For one thing; Perhaps the primary reason is) . Second (For another; Another reason is) . Finally 一般说来 ,有三个原因的话,可用 first, second, finally; 而只有两个原因 ,可用 for one thing, for another,因为它们表示“其一“、“其二“的意
20、思。 有时还可用 Some people . Other people . There are also people .,译文 成 人 教 育 热 李小姐是我的邻居,在一家公司里担任秘书。每周二、五我们总能看到她下班急匆匆地赶回家,大口大口地吃完饭,叉匆匆地去赶汽车上英语课去。像李小姐这种情况并不少见,现在越来越多的成年人利用业余时间到学校或大学去深造。 人们回到学校又接受教育,有多种原因。像李小姐这类人,主要是想再取得一个学位或一张文凭,以增强自己在社会上的地位。他们认为知识越多,或说明白一些,文凭证书越多,找到好工作的机会就越多,提前晋升的机会就越多。另一些人,尤其是下岗待业或失业的人,
21、到职业学校去学习,主要是准备重返工作岗位。他们迫切想掌握新的技术,使自己能够胜任商业买卖、行政管理、教育系统以及其他第三产业方面的工作。他们这些人过去都是工厂工人,因而对这些新的工作非常陌生。还有一些人到学校学习诸如中医、绘画、书法、摄影等课程。工作天数的缩短,使他们开始有时间去实现他们的旧梦,或去干他们过去一直想干的事。 不管是需要这样干,还是兴趣爱好,人们重返学校为了一个共同的日标,就是提高自己。而成人教育热反过来叉促进了整个国家的文化水平的提高。,2. 理由篇 叙述理由和分析原因是属于同一类型的英语议论文。所不同的是后者是解释某一社会现象或社会问题,而前者则解释写作者 我,为社么要干某事
22、或不干某事。例如,why do I prefer to spend most of my time reading ? Why is English my favorite subject in college studies? Why I chose teaching as my lifelong career? 按照十句作文模式, PI S (l) Topic S(2) Thesis; My attitude towards it PII. S(3) Thesis (more specific) S(4) Reason 1 S(5) Supporting detail S(6) Reaso
23、n 2 S(7) Supporting detail S(8) Reason 3 S(9) Supporting detail PIII S(10) Conclusion,第一段中S(1)引出文章要讨论的主题,如职业选择、交友、娱乐等。S(2)则是作者对这个主题的基本态度,如选A事物,不要 B事物,赞成或反对等。第二段中S(3)是一个承上启下的句子,既更具体地重复S(2)论点的内容,又简略地点一下为什么持这样态度的一般理由。S(4)、S(6)、S(8)是三个具体的理由;而S(5)、S(7)、S(9)则作为细节更具体地分别论述S(4)、S(6)、S(8)三句提出的理由。作后一段 S(10)是全文
24、的总结。同样,如果只有两个理由,当中一段可改成: P2 S(3) Thesis (more specific) S(4) Reason I S(5) Supporting detail 1 S(6) Supporting detail 2 S(7) Reason II S(8) Supporting detail 1 S(9) Supporting detail 2,3. 比 较 篇 比较型议论文实则是运用比较的手段来阐述自己的观点,例如: Where to livein the city or in the country? Do you prefer to live independent
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