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1、1,阅读理解题分析及解答方法(3),北京市英语高级教师 蔡琼,2,1). What is the main idea of this passage? 2). What is the writers main point? 3). What is the subject of this passage? 4).The main purpose of the passage? 5). Whats the best title of the passage?,4、主旨大意题,3,推断短文的主旨大意题是阅读测试中测定学生阅读能力经常出现的一种题,也是学生感到最为棘手、最容易出错的题。主旨推断题要求学
2、生具有很强的话语篇章把握能力和分析能力,能够从全局的角度对文章括以总领,梳清脉络。可以说,对阅读理解主旨题的把握能力决定了阅读这个整体题项的成败,它也是衡量阅读水平高低的一个重要标尺。,4,所以,如果我们在这个题上能够取得突破,就等于是攻克了阅读当中最顽固的堡垒,其它类型的题也就不在话下了。所谓主旨大意题指针对段落或短文的subject(主题)、main idea(主题思想)、title(题目)或purpose(目的)拟题。 尽管题型或用词不尽相同,但所针对的都是段落(或短文)的主旨大意。,5,American and British people both speak English,of
3、course,but sometimes it does not seem like the same language. In fact,there are some important differences between. British and American English. First of all,they sound very different Also,some letters have different sounds. For example Sound is not the only difference There are also some differenc
4、es in grammar These differences can be confusing(令人疑惑) if you are learning English. But there is a reason for the difference. Languages change over time. When the same language is used in different places,it changes differently in each place. This is what happened to English., 例一原文,6,The writer writ
5、es the passage to _ the English language. A. give us some new information about B. tell us how hard it is to learn C. teach us some knowledge about D. tell us the right way of learning,7,Life is like the four seasons. Now I am very old, but when I was young, it was the spring of my life. I was born,
6、 I played a lot, and then I started school. I learned many new things. Like a flower, I grew bigger every day. There were happy days and sorrowful days; some days the sun shone, and some days it didnt. In my twenties, I had a good job. I was strong and happy. Then I married and had a child. In those
7、 days, I didnt have much time to think. Every day I was busy and worked very hard. And so, I started to get some white hairs. The summer of my life passed quickly., 例二原文,8,Then the days got shorter. Leaves fell from the trees. My child was a university student, and then an engineer. My home was much
8、 quieter. I started walking more slowly. One day I stopped working. I had more time. I understood this was my autumn, a beautiful time when the trees change color and give us delicious fruits. But the days kept getting shorter and colder. Winter has come. I am older and weaker. I know I do not have
9、many days let, but I will enjoy them to the end.,9,The best title of the passage can be . Four Seasons My Life C. Four Seasons in a Year D. Four Seasons in My Life,10,从以上的分析,我们可得出这样的结论:辨认主题句是获取段落(或短文)主旨大意的关键所在。何谓主题句呢?凡表述段落(或短文)主旨大意的句子就叫主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点: (1)意义表达的总领性比较强,相对其他句子来看,这种概括性更为明显。 (2)句子结构较简单,多
10、数都不采用长难句的形式。,11,(3)段落中其他的句子一定是用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所 表达的主题思想,起到服从、论证、补充的作用.,一般说来,每篇文章(或每个段落)都有其主题句。主题句一般出现在文(或段)首或文(或段)尾,有时可能出现在文章的中间。有的文章(或段落)没有明显的主题句,整篇文章(或段落)乃由一个隐含的中心思想统一起来。在这种文章(或段落)里,所有的论证性细节形成一个整体,构成作者想要表达的主题,由于文(或段)中各句子的重要性没有明显的差别,文章(或段落)的重心没有显示出任何方向性,所以读这种结构的文章(或段落)要找出其主题就不那么容易,须把每个句子所陈述的意思读都认真理解之后
11、才能确定主题是什么。,12,Johan Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a busi
12、ness lawyer in Miami, Florida. 从以上这个段落,我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题,那么,作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢?通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后,我们便可领悟,作者想告诉读者的是:Johan Bingham received an excellent education. 所以说这种文章(或段落)只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图,这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。, 例三原文,13,主旨大意题还有一点非常值得注意的问题就是切忌以偏概全,即用文章中的某一个fact来充当main idea。一定要弄清楚fact与 main idea的区别。,14
13、,态度观点题主要考查考生:理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。此类题在初中阅读题的比重不是特别多,但是是难度最大的一种题,考察“察言观色”的能力。标志词: attitude。 方法: 精确理解四个选项词语的含义。 不要搀杂自己的观点; 可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词; 可以抓论述的主线及举例的方式。,5、观点态度题,15,6、预测情节的发展和结局题,方法: 正确把握已经发生的情节脉络 然后弄清作者的观点、态度,进行有根据的预测 比较四个候选项,选择最佳答案,16,Kenjis sister Ann was at the kitchen table. The table was covered
14、with newspapers “What are you doing?” Kenji asked. Ann held up a white fan that she had just started to work on. In one corner was a small and beautiful pink flower. “ Im painting fans to sell at the fair on Saturday, ”she said. Then she shrugged(耸肩). “But Im sure no one will buy them.” Kenji picked
15、 up one of the finished fans. He smiled. “I think youre wrong,” he said. “ This is beautiful! ” “ Thank you,” she said. “ I hope other people think so too.”, 例一原文,17,Two days later Kenji and his friend Nick went to the crafts(手工制作)fair. It took Kenji and Nick some time to find Ann. She was sitting b
16、ehind her table. There were only a few fans spread out in front of her. Kenji looked puzzled. “Where are the rest of your fans?” he asked. “I sold them!” she said. Kenji smiled at her. He picked up a fan to show his friend. “ Oh, that fan is very beautiful!” a woman behind him said. “It is pretty, i
17、snt it?” Kenji said, handing it to her, “ My sister painted it!” he added proudly. “Your sister is quite an artist!” the woman said as she quickly opened her handbag.,18,According to the story, what will probably happen next? A. The woman will pay for the fan. B. Ann will make more fans to sell. C.
18、Nick will help sell the rest of Anns fans. D. Kenji will learn how to make beautiful fans.,19,1、情绪放松。不要被长篇幅和文中的生词所吓倒,情绪不要紧 张焦虑,情绪的紧张会抑制做题的效果。(生词的问题。 3%。一般能猜出来。猜不出来的不会是影响理解的。),六、在考试中遇到篇幅较长,生词较多的阅读文章怎么办?,20,2、弄清结构。有的同学一碰到长篇幅的文章就变的很被动,总是机械的硬着头皮把文章从头看到尾,然后根据文章后面的问题开始选答案,连自己看的是什么,文章有那几个方面的论述等根本都不了解,在这样的情
19、况下,答题的正确率肯定不会高。所以,在遇见篇幅较长且生词较多的阅读的时候,很多同学可能做不到每句话都读懂,但是我们有非常有必要弄清楚所看文章的大致结构和层次,这对我们把握全局,归纳主旨和进行推理判断很有帮助。,21,3、讲究答题方法。在弄清楚了文章的大致篇章结构之后, 我们再结合后面的问题在文章中寻找答案。我们在选择 答案之前,不妨把问题先分析一下,看看是什么类型的 问题,然后结合我们在前面讲过的不同提问类型的答题 方法来答题。假设你碰到的是Whats the main idea of ?这样的题,毫无疑问是问主旨大意的,同学们就 应该非常熟练地回忆起答这种题的方法,如找主题句, 如切忌以偏盖全等。,22,4、验证答案。重点的句子在文中画出。好习惯:用笔在原 文中标明每题的根据,如问题53的答案是在问中第二段 的第三行找到的,不妨在次位置标上53,这样非常利于 检查,若有好几处都像是答案,不妨都标出,然后反复 比较,最后确定其中的一处是正确答案,或是答案需把 这几个地方的信息综合起来。,
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