医学英语感染病ppt课件.ppt
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1、Introduction to infectious diseases,Gang XIN Department of Microbiology and Immunology 18923912518,terms,Infectiology,Infection,Infectious diseases,Infectiologist,Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the disease can be spread di
2、rectly or indirectly, form one person to another.,Infectious diseases,Communicable diseases,Wound infection,lung infection,pathogen,host,Outline,Pathogen Host Pathogenesis of infection Classification of infection Clinical manifestations Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases Treatment and preve
3、ntion,pathogen,Types of pathogens,eu-, Good; well; true,pro-, before,karuo-, nut or cell nucleus,Types of pathogens,Subcelluar,Prokaryotic,Viruses, prion,Bacterial, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas,Eukaryotic,Protozoa, fungi, helminthes, arthropods,prion,A prion is an infectious agent composed o
4、f protein in a misfolded form,Disease: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy,Madcow disease(MCD),Viruses,The term virion (plural virions) is also used to refer to a single, stable infective viral particle that is released from the cell and is fully capable of infecting other cells of the same type,A viru
5、s is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms.,Bacteria (singular: bacterium),chlamydiae,chlamyd-, mantle,(a cloak),Chlamydia infection,chlamydia conjunctivitis,or trachoma,rickettsiae,The genus Rickettsia is named after H. T. Ricketts (18711910), who stu
6、died Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and eventually died of typhus after studying that disease.,rickets, vitamin D deficiency,Disease: spotted fever, typhus and scrub typhus,Tick hemolymph cells infected with R. rickettsii. From the CDC.,Symptoms of Scrub typhus,fever headache muscle pain cough gastro
7、intestinal symptoms hemorrhaging and intravascular coagulation. maculopapular rash, eschar(焦痂), splenomegaly and lymphadenopathies are typical signs.,http:/ (fungus) and plasma (formed),Spirochete,syphilis,Saddle nose,Fungi (singular: fungus),Tinea (=ringworm ) of skin,Tinea pedis,Tinea manus,Tinea
8、cruris,Group of extremely small single cell (unicellular) or acellular organisms that are found in moist soil or water. They tend to exist as parasites, living off other life forms.,Protos (First) and zoon (animal),protozoa (singular: protozoon),helminths are worm-like organisms (Parasitic worms) th
9、at live and feed off living hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts nutrient absorption, causing weakness and disease.,helminths,Helmins = worm,Hookworms attached to the intestinal mucosa.,arthropods,Greek arthron, “joint“, and pods “foot“, which together mean “joint
10、ed feet”,Pathogen factors,pathogenicity,virulence,is the ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease in an organism.,The virulence factors of bacteria,Methods by which bacteria cause disease,Adhesion,Colonization,Invasion,Immune response inhibitors,Toxins,1 2 3 4 5,The virulence factors o
11、f bacteria,Adhesion. Many bacteria must first bind to host cell surfaces Colonization. Some virulent bacteria produce special proteins that allow them to colonize parts of the host body. Invasion. Some virulent bacteria produce proteins that either disrupt host cell membranes or stimulate endocytosi
12、s into host cells. These virulence factors allow the bacteria to enter host cells and facilitate entry into the body across epithelial tissue layers at the body surface. Immune response inhibitors. Many bacteria produce virulence factors that inhibit the hosts immune system defenses. Toxins. Many vi
13、rulence factors are proteins made by bacteria that poison host cells and cause tissue damage.,Methods by which bacteria cause disease,invasion,minimum lethal dose (MLD) the smallest amount of toxin that will kill an experimental animal.,Minimum infective dose,median infective dose (ID50) the amount
14、of pathogenic microorganisms that will cause infection in 50 per cent of the test subjects.,infective dose that amount of pathogenic organisms that will cause infection in susceptible subjects.,Host factors,susceptibility,disposition,Immune system,Antibody, immunoglobulin,Iceberg concept of infectio
15、n,Infectious disease spectrum,If a large number of individuals are equally exposed to an infectious agent, they do not all respond in the same manner. In fact, there may be a broad range of responses: Some do not become infected at all Some become infected but develop no symptoms Some become infecte
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