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1、高中英语知识结构图,词汇量:5500多单词,简单句 并列句 复合句,词类,冠词和名词,动词,代词 125和数词,介词和连词,形容词和 副词345,非谓语动词,动词时态.,情态0动词,定语从句 151 名词性从句 50 状语从句160,高 中 英 语,语言知识,语言运用,虚拟语气195,听力,口语,阅读,写作,词法,句法,系动词,助动词,实义动词,动词语态现象,强调句型,主谓一致,倒装,省略,翻译,词类,分类,重点、难点,名词、冠词,形容词、副词,代词,介词、数词,动词时态语态,分类,重点、难点,解题关键,动词时态,动词语态,1.根据语境,找时间点或时间段 2.紧扣概念进行选择,1.根据句意辨别
2、词义 2.主语与动词构成的主被动关系,情态动词和虚拟语气,分类,重点、难点,解题关键,3. 固定句式,1. should +动词原形,2. if 引导的虚拟条件句,理解句义,结合记忆,理解句义,记忆,3.情态动词+have done,情态动词,虚拟语气,2.表示对现在和过去的推测,1.固定搭配考查: can but 的用法 cant help but ,cant help 的用法,形式,作用,非谓语动词,重点、难点,解题关键,准确理解语意捕捉关键词 结合基础知识解题,简单句,简单句 并列句,分类,重点、难点,解题关键,并列句,语法一致 原则,意义一致原则,就近一致原则,分类记忆规则联系语意解题
3、,主 谓 一 致,重点难点,解题方法,分类,强调句句型 (重难点),句中加语气词 等词汇来强调,强 调,助动词do +V 助动词do的形式随 主语和时态而变化,特殊疑问句式 特殊疑问词be+ it + that ?,一般疑问句式(be动词放句首),反意疑问句式( 必须和主句一致 ),强调句用在名词性从句中,surely, really, certainly, definitely, utter, sheer, such, so等,倒装句,a.强调句子的主语时,要与强调句的谓语动 词一致。 b.表语一般不能用这一句型进行强调 c. 条件、让步状语从句不能强调 d.强调because引导的原因状语
4、从句,但强调的原因状语不能用as,since来引导 e.可强调so that引导的目的状语从句,但不能强调so that引导的结果状语从句 f. 对由until引起的短语或从句,要注意否定前移,注 意,陈述句句式 It is/was that/who,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,as引导,9种 时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点状语从句,复 合 句,关系词,介词+关系词,介词+which/whom,介词+where/whose +n.,复合介词短语+which,介词+which=关系副词,as与which引导非限制性定语从句 区别
5、,suchas/ the same as,限制性与非限制性,关系副词,关系代词,陈述语序,引导词,从属接连词that/whether,在句中不成分作 连接代词 what/who/whom/whose/which/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语 连接副词 when/where/why/how/whenever/wherever/however在句中作状语,分类,主从复合句,分类,重点、难点,解题关键,状语从句,名词性从句,定语从句,细读题干,划分句子成分,不缺成分用that,”是否”用whether,缺什么成分补什么成分+语
6、意,记忆,翻译,冠词用法详解,1. 冠词的泛指和特指用法 泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物.也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表:,不定冠词修饰可数名词.其意思为“一个“;定冠词既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词,往往表特指.其意思相当于“这个“,单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中,一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词,或者加定冠词)。这时不妨可用“一个“或“这个(种)“来检验。,(1)-Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this
7、 morning. -Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a (2)Most animal have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food. A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; /,2.不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法 (1)不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。 Many people
8、 agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today. 许多人都持相同的看法,在当前国际贸易交往中,英语知识是必备的知识。 (2)不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。 Before I go to work every morning, Ive a light breakfast. 我每天早晨上班前.吃点简单的早餐。,(3)不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。 The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end o
9、f July. 车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。 (4)不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前,表示一次,又一。 How important it is to learn a second language! 再学一门语言是多么重要啊!,(5)不定冠词a(n)表示“per“的意思。 His income is one thousand yuan a month. 他的月收入是1000元。 (6)不定冠词a(n)用于有goodgreat many修饰的名词复数前。 Ive visited the Great Wall a good many times. 我参观过长城好多次。,(7)不定冠词a(n)用于形
10、式为复数,但意义仍为单数的名词前。 A thousand miles is a good distance. 一千英里是相当远的距离。 (8)不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。 Lets have a walk around the playground after supper. 晚饭后,让我们围着操场散步吧!,(9)有一些抽象名词:advice(忠告),behavior(行为),fortune(运气),fun(娱乐),information(情报),progress(进步),damage(损害),harm(伤害) 等,即使被形容词修饰,也不加不定冠词。 Karl Marx gav
11、e us some advice on how to learn foreign language well. 卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语,提出了许多建议。,(10)用在某些固定词组中 a few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favor (帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), a
12、s a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk (break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold (headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).,3.用冠词与不用
13、冠词的差异 在某些习惯用语中,用还是不用冠词,意义不同,有时甚至差别很大,使用时要特别注意。,at table 进餐 at the table 在桌子旁 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院里 by sea 乘船(由海路) by the sea 在海边 go to sea 当水手 go to the sea 去海边 in future 从今以后,将来 in the future 未来,take place 发生 take the place of 代替 two of us 我们当中的两人 the two of us 我们两人(共计两人) out of quest
14、ion 毫无疑问,一定 out of the question 不可能 on the whole = in general 大体上,一般地 as a whole = altogether 全部地,整体 a most important meeting 一个重要的会议 the most important meeting 最重要的会议 a third time 又一次,on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上,在世上 go to school (church) 上学(做礼拜) go to the school (church) 到学校(教堂)去 in front of 在(外部
15、的)前面 in the front of 在(内部的)前面 on horseback 骑着马 on the horseback 在马背上,the third time 第三次 at a distance 稍远一些 in the distance 在远处 A number of 许多 the number of 的数目 for a moment 一会儿 for the moment 目前,暂时 be in charge of 负责 be in the charge of 由负责,在掌管之下,by day 在白天 by the day 按日计算 in possession of 拥有 in the
16、 possession of 为所有 in sight of 能看见 in the sight of 据的见解 in place of 代替 in the place of 在的地方,be of age 成年 be of an age 同龄 take advice 征求意见 take the advice 听从劝告 He is still in office. 他仍在执政。 He is still in the office. 他仍在办公室里。,1.可数名词单、复数变化形式 (1)规则变化。 单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy - boys, pen - pens。 以s、x 、ch 、sh结
17、尾的单词一般加-es。如:glass - glasses, box- boxes, watch - watches, brush - brushes。 特例:stomach - stomachs 以“辅音字母 + y“结尾的变“y“为“i“再加“-es“。如: baby - babies, lady - ladies, fly - flies。,以“o“结尾的多数加-es。如:tomato - tomatoes, potato - potatoes, hero - heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如:radio - radios, zoo - zo
18、os, photo - photos, piano - pianos, kilo - kilos, tobacco - tobaccos。 以“f“或“fe“结尾的名词复数形式变“f“或“fe“为“v“,之后再加-es。 如:wife - wives, life - lives, knife - knives, wolf- wolves, self - selves, leaf - leaves等。 特例:handkerchief- handkerchiefs, roof - roofs, chief - chiefs, gulf - gulfs, belief - beliefs, clif
19、f - cliffs。,改变元音字母的。如:man - men, mouse - mice, foot - feet, woman - women, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, ox - oxen。特例:child - children。 复合名词的复数形式。 (A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。 如:armchair - armchairs, bookcase - bookcases, bookstore - bookstores。,(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。 如:man doctor - men doctors,
20、 woman driver - women drivers。 (C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。 如:brother-in-law - brothers-in-law, passer-by - passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。 如:zero - zeros 、zeroes; penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。,(2)不规则变化。 单、复数同形。 如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂 )cattle。
21、合成名词的复数。 如:boy-friend - boy-friends, go-between- go-betweens(中间人),grown-up - grown-ups。,有些名词通常只用作复数。 如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富, surroundings环境,ashes灰尘, compasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits 以很高热情地,give ones rega
22、rds to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。,集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数, 如:people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewelery; 有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。 如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体);The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。,2、不可数名词的数 (1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但
23、当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:,抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词) in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事) Failure(失败)is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。 a failure失败者 by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 youth青春 a
24、 youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事,抽象名词与a (an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如: A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to h
25、er mother for her wrong doings.,(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如: 物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。 如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料,his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。,物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast The road is covered
26、with snow. have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night.,(3)有复数形式的不可数名词 有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如: Use your brains, please. They have smoothed away the difficulties. Have you made preparations for tom
27、orrows meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains. After many failures, they finally succeeded.,有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如: The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.,3.名词所有格 (1)“s“所有格的特殊表示形
28、式有: 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后, 如:todays newspaper, five minutes walk (drive), five poundsweight, ten dollarsworth of coffee 用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。 如:the earths planet, the words population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。,(2)“of“所有格的特殊表示方式有: 表示“部分“时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词(a、two、several、some、no、many等), 如:Som
29、e students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。,表示“其中之一,其中一部分“的意思时,用:a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友(许多朋友中的一位)。 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,应该用:that/this/these/those + 名词(单、复数)of Marys/yours/his/hers。如: That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的(表赞赏)。,4、名词作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直
30、接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。 (1)分类意义。 air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友 coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税 tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家 body language身体语言 road accident交通事故 Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖,(2)时间、地点、称呼等。 Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠 street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐 village people村民 sch
31、ool education学校教育 China problem中国问题,(3)表目的、手段、来源,所属意义。 reception desk 接待台 sports field 田径场 stone table 石桌 color TV 彩电 weather report 天气预报,名词性从句,Noun Clauses,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,主语从句在句中做- 宾语从句在句中做- 表语从句在句中做- 同位语从句在句中-,主语,宾语,表语,同位语,1. That he will come is certain.,2. I know that he will come.,3
32、. The truth is that I have been there.,4. The fact that she was late surprised us.,为什么叫名词性从句? _,整个从句相当于一个名词,比较:,The man looked around. That the boy failed again in the exam disappointed his mother.,同样作主语,从句可以表示较复杂的含义,一般是个动作或性质,I know him. I know that he is writing his composition in his room,2. 为什么要
33、有名词性从句?,那人看了看四周. (名词作主语),那孩子考试又不及格令他母亲很失望. (从句作主语),我知道他在房间里写作文.,从句的特征:,是一个句子,有一个引导词,引导词做从句的一个成分 (that 除外),名词能做的成分,从句都能做,从句表达的意思比名词复杂得多,主语从句,that whether who whom whose what which when where why how,从 句 引导词:,1. That he knows Japanese is known to all.,他懂英语,这一点大家都知道,令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.,3. When he will come i
34、s unknown .,4. Whether he is coming doesnt matter much.,他来不来没什么要紧的,他什么时候来不清楚.,他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.,5. It remains a secret how they climbed up the mountain.,主语从句的位置 1.在句首 2.主语较长时通常放在后面,句首主语用 It,主语太长了!放到句尾,Details,Details,Details,Details,That无词义,不可省略,What “什么”, “所.的”,2. What surprised me was to see him he
35、re .,When “什么时候”,主语从句不用 if,位于句首,It 作主语的常用句型有:,1. It + be +形容词 + that 从句,2. It + be +名称词组(duty/pity) + that 从句,3. It + be + 过去分词(said/thought) + that 从句,4. It +不及物动词(seem/happen) + that 从句,It is a pity that we cant go swimming.,It is said that he told her everything.,It happened that I was out that d
36、ay.,It is certain that he will do well in the exam.,真可惜我们不能去游泳. 碰巧那天我外出了. 他考试肯定会考好. 据说他已告诉了她一切.,注意: It looked that he was right. ( ) 可以说: It looks as if.,happen只有 it 句型,It is said只有 it 句型,More,疑问句中应该用 形式主语It 句型,1,Whatever we do must be in the interest of the people. ( ) It must be in the interest of
37、 the people whatever we do ( ),2,名词性关系代词whatever/whoever/whichever /wherever/what引导的主语从句一般放在句首,改错,1. It is true what he said.,What he said is true. 放在句首,2. Is that he will come certain?,Is it true that he will come? 问句,3.He can swim is known to all.,That he can swim is known to all. 从句必须有引导词,表语从句,从
38、句 同主语从句 (11个), 外加as if / 引导词: as though,1. The truth is that he has never been to the countryside.,2. The question is whether w can finish the experiment by Friday.,3. It looks as if it were going to rain.,实际情况是他从未去过农村. that 一般不省略,问题在于我们能否在明天下午之前完成这项实验. 表语从句不用 if,4. This school is no longer what it
39、was before.,这所学校已不再是从前的那个样子了. what =the thing that,More,系动词后面,注意下列表语从句中where, how, why 的译法,This is where Lu Xun once lived. That was how they won the match. This is why she got up so early this morning.,这就是鲁迅曾经住过的地方.,他们就是这样赢得这场比赛的.,这就是她为什么今天早上起得这么早的原因.,我们就是这样克服困难的. 那就是他昨天缺席的原因. 这就是我们上星期碰头的地方.,This i
40、s / That was how we overcame the difficulties.,That is why he was absent yesterday.,This is where we met last Sunday.,This is 总是现在时That is 表示性质 That was 指过去动作,固定句型: This is where This is why This is how.,这就是的地方,这就是的原因,这就是的方法,宾语从句,从 句 ( 同主语从句 ) ,增加 if ,可与whether 引导词: 互换, 但不与 or not 连用,1. They pretend
41、ed ( that ) they knew how to do it.,他们假装知道怎么做这事。 That从句做pretend的宾语,我暗中想他讲的不是真话. 谓语与从句之间有插入语时,that 不可省略,2. I thought to myself that he was not telling the truth.,3.She said (that) she couldnt tell me and that I couldnt understand.,宾语从句并列时,只省略第一个 that,4. Everything depends on whether we have enough ti
42、me. ( if ),if /whether 表示“是否” 可以互换,五种情况只用whether: 1.在介词后面 2.与or not连用 3.在主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句中,5. I dont know whether he will come or not. ( if ),6. The question is whether he will agree . ( if ),More,I doubt if / whether he will pass the exam. I dont doubt that we will win the match. Do you doubt that h
43、e did it on his own?,doubt问题,肯定句中用 if / whether,否定句中用 that,疑定句中用 that,I doubt _he is telling the truth. We never doubt _ the plan will be carried out . Does he doubt _ you are from Austria? Im doubtful _ he will agree to this.,if / whether,that,that,if / whether,宾语从句经常做介词的宾语,The Swede stood still, e
44、xcept _ his lips moved slightly. She is not satisfied with _ she has achieved. Mary always thinks of _ she can do more for the class. He wrote a letter of thanks to _ helped him. (任何一个),5. It depends on if we have enough time.,whether we have enough time.,介词后面不用 if,that,what,how,whoever,6. Are you s
45、orry for which you have done?,what you have done?,介词后面不用 which,宾语从句经常作表语形容词的宾语,Im afraid (that ) Ill be late. We were surprised that he lost the game.,我恐怕要迟到了. that 可以省略,我们对他在比赛中的失败感到惊异.,此类表语形容词有: afraid pleased happy satisfied anxious sure surprised certain glad aware用它们造句,that 从句只跟在 except,but, in
46、 ,besides, save五个介词后面,M,We think that middle school students master one foreign language possible . (改用形式宾语 it ) 2. We have made that a foreign language is useful weapon in the struggle of life clear. (改用形式宾语 it ),我认为学好英语是必要的.,I consider that we should learn English well necessary.,We consider her s
47、uitable for the job.,consider find think feel make 等动词常带宾语补足语,这时要用形式宾语 it ,宾语从句放到宾补之后,We think it possible that middle school students master one foreign language.,We have made it clear that a foreign language is useful weapon in the struggle of life.,More,correction,The emperor was pleased by which the minister told him about it. Are you sorry for that you have annoyed him? I find that this should be kept secret for the time being necessary. Can you doubt if she will succeed? I worried a
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