促进节能的政策措施EnergyEfficiencyPoliciesandMeasures.ppt
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1、促进节能的政策措施 Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures,能源基金会北京代表处 Energy Foundation Beijing Office 2006年5月 May 2006,International EE Programs and Policies 国际能效项目与政策,Mandatory Voluntary,Energy Codes and Standards Most Important Policies for EE 能效标准是最重要的节能政策之一,Savings Exceed 6,000 MW in California today an
2、d 13,000 MW as of Year 2010 (Compared to About 45,000 MW of Total Electricity). 在美国加州,今天的能源节约超过6000兆瓦,到2010年将超过13000兆瓦(与大约45000兆瓦的总耗电量相比) Fuel Cost Savings Are at Least Twice the Cost of Efficiency. 燃料成本的节约至少是节能成本的两倍,GWH Impacts from Programs Begun Prior to 2001 2001年以前节能项目产生的节能量,0,5,000,10,000,15,0
3、00,20,000,25,000,30,000,35,000,40,000,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,GWH 百万千瓦时,Utility Programs 电力公司的节能项目,Building Standards 建筑节能标准,Appliance Standards 家用电器节能标准, 14% of Annual Use in California in 2001
4、 2001年加州年用电量的14%,美国的冰箱能耗与价格演变,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,1972,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992,1996,2000,Year,Index (1972 = 100),Effective Dates of,National Standards,=,Effective Dates of,State Standards,=,Refrigerators冰箱,Central A/C中央空调,Gas Furnaces燃气灶具,Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliance
5、s 标准对3种电器节能的影响,Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE, in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org,75%,60%,25%,国标生效日期,州标生效日期,Annual Usage of Air Conditioning in New Homes in California 加州新建住宅年空调用电量,Annual drop averages 4% per year 平均每年下降4%,0,500,1,000,1,500,2,000,2,500,3,000,1970,1972,1974,1976,1978,1980,1982,1984,1
6、986,1988,1990,1992,1994,1996,1998,2000,2002,2004,2006,kWh/YEAR,Source: CEC Demand Analysis Office,1992 Federal Appliance,Standard 1992年联邦电器节能标准,California Title 20,Appliance Standards 家用电器节能标准,1976-1982,Initial California Title 24,Building Standards 建筑节能标准,Estimated Impact of 2006 SEER 12 Standards,
7、预期到2006年 SEER12 标准产生的节能量,100%,33%,Sales Units %, by GfK MS, - Italy - SDA-MDA Dept.,Average,AT,BE,DE,ES,FR,UK,IT,NL,PT,SE,4,8,53,4,31,5,7,2,3,2,8,49,1,38,1,6,4,3,5,11,65,7,16,8,4,3,7,57,9,32,7,32,5,47,6,12,8,6,8,6,52,6,33,3,4,5,61,26,1,9,5,3,2,47,2,32,15,5,21,2,66,6,3,3,8,35,1,45,7,7,9,10,7,3,2,70,
8、24,3,Energy Class A +,Energy Class A +,Energy Class A,Energy Class B,Energy Class C,Others,2004 Refrigerator sales in ten EU countries 2004年欧盟销售的冰箱能效水平,Tax Incentives 税收激励,Performance-Based基于绩效 Incentive depends only on meeting an energy target 激励程度取决于要满足的某一节能目标,Cost-Based基于成本 Incentive depends only
9、 on how much you spend on energy efficiency 激励程度取决于由于提高能源效率而导致的成本增加,Consideration for Incentive Policy Design激励机制设计,Part of a broad energy policy package,Provide for positive interaction between energy codes, labels, and financial incentives. 是综合能源政策的一部分,与能源法规、标准、标识产生积极互动 Incentives should be based
10、on performance and not cost, whenever possible. 尽可能使激励手段基于绩效而非成本 Energy performance goals should be ambitious enough to: 节能绩效目标应该能: Minimize free ridership 使“搭便车”行为减至最少 Control costs 考虑承受能力、控制成本,Consideration for Incentive Policy Design激励机制设计,Targets may be provided in several tiers. 可对目标分批、分级实现 An
11、administrative structure to oversee incentive awarding 建立管理机构来监督激励项目的实施 To maintain integrity 需要监督来保证公正性 not burdensome 程序不应该太繁琐 Compliance documentation should have market value 达标证书应该具有市场价值 Provide complementary programs for education, outreach, and marketing of the tax incentives. 要针对激励政策开展教育、推广以
12、及宣传活动,提高效果,Delivery Mechanisms 实施机制,State agency grants or loans 政府机构拨款或贷款 Tax incentives at national or provincial level designed by officials 由政府部门决定国家或地方的税收激励 State or national tax incentives fixed by legislation or decree. 通过立法或法令确定州级或国家级的税收激励,Administrative Mechanisms 管理机制,Utility-run rebate pr
13、ograms. 公用事业部门实施的补贴项目 Private sector or non-profit programs. 私营部门或非营利部门 Provincial or national Energy or Environmental Agency administration of programs. 由地方或国家的能源或环境机构来实施项目 Finance Ministry processes applications. 财政部门处理相关申请手续,Funding Sources 资金来源,General government revenues 一般性政府财政投入 Public Benefi
14、ts Fund for utility customers 公共效益基金 Carbon taxes or pollution taxes 碳税或污染税 Enhanced revenue collection from businesses 提高企业征税,States with PBF 采用公共效益基金的州,PBF in the US 美国的公共效益基金,See http:/www.aceee.org/briefs/mktabl.htm for details,UK Climate Change Program 英国气候变化项目,Established in 2000 2000年设立 Kyoto
15、 Protocol commitment of a 12.5% reduction in GHG 京都议定书要求减排CO2目标 Domestic goal of a 20% CO2 emissions reduction relative to 1990 by 2010 国内目标减排20%,Programmes Aimed at Industry and Business 项目针对工商行业,Climate Change Levy and Agreements 气候变化收费和协议 UK Emissions Trading Scheme 国内排放交易 Carbon Trust 碳基金 Enhanc
16、ed Capital Allowances 为企业提高能效提供资金支持 EU Emissions Trading Scheme 欧盟内部排放交易,Climate Change Levy 气候变化税,Energy tax applied to industry, commerce, agriculture, and the public sector 针对工业、商业、农业和公共部门所开征的能源税 Not apply to domestic customers or charities 不对居民和公益事业征收 Electricity produced through CHP or RE not t
17、axed 热电联产和可再生能源电力免征,Climate Change Levy 气候变化税率,Climate Change Levy “Revenue Neutral” 气候变化税收入中性,To protect the planet, not a way of raising money 为了环保,不是提高税收手段 收入通过如下渠道返回 给企业: Revenue returned to industry through: 0.3% reduction in the rate of employers National Insurance Contributions, 0.3%社保贡献减免 Fu
18、nding of the Carbon Trust ( a PBF) and 建立弹基金(公共效益基金) Reductions or exemptions for meeting targets or switching to renewables or cogeneration 达标减免或采用热电联产和可再生能源,Carbon Trust a type of PBF 碳基金-公共效益基金,An independent body to promote carbon reductions in industry, commerce and public sector 独立机构促进碳排放减排 Ad
19、vises industry e.g. through site visits 给工业提供咨询 Provides low costs loans for EE projects 提供优惠贷款 Provides venture capital for investments in early-stage carbon reduction technologies 对未商业化的减排技术提供风险基金,Climate Change Agreements 气候变化协议,Energy efficiency agreements 能效协议 80% discount on Climate Change Lev
20、y for meeting targets 达标气候变化税减免80% Duration: 2001 to 2013 Projected carbon savings of 2.5MtC by 2010 到2010年,预计每年减排250万吨碳 Ten times the estimated price effect of the levy alone 协议所取得的效果是税收本身效果的10倍,Impact of the CCL on Industry CCL对行业的影响,Energy has become a high-level issue. Chief executives and finan
21、ce directors are alert to the additional costs of their energy and to the importance of ensuring they meet their targets and maintain their levy reductions. 提高了高层管理人员对能效和达标的重视 Industry is saving over 450 million ($832 M) a year on the energy it has not bought as a result of meeting the CCA targets,
22、in addition to the savings on the Climate Change Levy itself. 除在气候变化税上投入减少外,每年节约的能源开支达4.5亿英镑,CCA气候变化协议,Actual savings 实际减排量 2002 target 1.6MtC - performance 4.4 MtC 2002年 目标:160万吨碳 实际440万吨 2004 target 1.5MtC - performance 3.9 MtC 2004年 目标150万吨碳 实际390万吨,How did the CCAs produce this response? 气候变化协议效
23、果是如何实现的?,Crucial link between the levy and the agreements 收费和协议目标联系起来 CCAs were not a simple price signal CCA不是一个简单的价格信号 To get the discount on the tax, the companies HAD to take action and report the results 为获得税收减免企业必须开展节能活动并上报效果,Voluntary Programs and Policies 自愿协议项目与政策,信息传播 Information Dissemina
24、tion 案例研究Case studies - 基准评价Benchmarking 通讯 Newsletters - 审计/评估Audits/assessments 设备标识 Equipment labels 技术示范 Technology Demonstration 新兴技术 Emerging technologies 最佳实践 Best practices 培训 Training 能源审计与评估 Energy audits and assessments 能源管理 Energy management,International VA Programs 国际上的自愿协议项目,澳大利亚:精英能源
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