大学词汇学二章.ppt
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1、1,Methods of Word-formation Besides the loan of foreign words, the main method of enriching modern English vocabulary is to form new words by using existing words. The main methods of word-formation are: affixation词缀法、 compounding复合法、 conversion转换法 blending 拼缀法、 shortening 缩略法 back-formation逆生法 3.1.
2、 Affixation Affixation is also called derivation派生法,which forms new words by adding affixations to roots; The newly-formed word is called derivative. Affixation has 2 branches: prefixation and suffixation.,2,3.1. Affixation(词缀法) 3.1.1 Prefixation Prefixation changes word meaning, but does not change
3、 functions and features词性 of a word. a. prefixes of negation, reversion逆动 and lack un- non- in-(il-, ir-,im-) dis- a- unfair untie 解开 non-smoker, illegible 难以辨认的 disloyal disconect ,断开 amora 不道德的,3,b. prefixes of pejoration贬义 mis-, mal-, pseudo- misinform 告诉错误的消息 maltreatment虐待 malfunction失灵 pseudos
4、cience伪科学,4,c. prefixes of degree and size arch-, supper-, out-, sur-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, ultra-, mini-, minicab, arch-bishop大主教, suppermarket, outwit智胜, surcharge超载, substandard次标准的, oversimplify过于简化, underprivileged贫困的, hypersensitive过敏的, ultraconservative极保守的,5,3.1.1 Prefixation d. pref
5、ixes of attitude co-education男女同校教育 counter-espionage反间谍, anti-missile, pro-communist支持共产主义的 e. prefixes of location superstructure上层建筑 subconscious下意识的 intermarry不同种族间的通婚 transatlantic大洋彼岸的 f. prefixes of time and order foretell, pre-school, post-election, rebuild, ex-serviceman退役军人,6,g. prefixes o
6、f amount and number unicycle独轮车 monorail单轨 bilingual dimeter二音步 tricycle multi-national, polysyllabic多音节的 h. other prefixes autobiography, neo-classicism新古典主义 pan-American泛美的 vice-chairman proto-Germanic原日耳曼的 semihumorous,7,In modern English, the most active prefixes are: de-, mini-, non-, anti-, un
7、-, dis-, re-, de- : 否定、反、离开、除去、减少等 debureaucratize使非官僚化, depenalize取消对某人的处罚, deculturalization反传统文化, deblure使变清晰, debug拆除窃听器, devalue贬值 un-: 构成动词,逆动、使丧失、解开、由取出 unbalance unbelt unbosom 吐露; 构成形容词 undecided uncommercial unclassified,8,non-: 加在名词、形容词、副词前,“非、无、无价值的,反传统特征的”; nonastronaut nonfriend nonboo
8、k 无真实价值的书 nonaddict未上瘾的吸毒者 nonhero不按传统性主角品格塑造的主角 anti-: “反、抗”; anti-colonial, antibacterial, antiart, antinucleus, anti-entertainment,9,mini-: minicar, minicinema, minimovie, minicrisis短暂危机 minibikinibI5ki:nI超短两截式女游泳衣 miniboom 5minibu:m 短暂繁荣 minicalculatormInI9kAlkjJleItE 袖珍电子计算器 minibudgetmInI9bQdV
9、It (指出现财政紧张时调整一国经济的) 小预算,10,3.1.2 Suffixation It changes both meaning and functions and features of a word and is divided as the following: 1) Noun Suffixation a. adding after a noun (1) 做某事的人:-ster(-eer) er, trickster骗子 profiteer投机商 teenager (2) 表示小、亲昵或女性: booklet, kitchenette, authoress, daddy, au
10、ntie (3) 状况、范围、领域等 brotherhood, membership会员资格 officialdom官僚作风, drudgery 苦工,11,b. adding after a noun or an adjective: socialite社会名流 Egyptian journalese新闻体 stylist文体家 impressionism c. adding after a verb: -er(or) receiver听筒, inhabitant, appointee, victimization受害 embodiment体现, dismissal wastage浪费 d.
11、 adding after an adjective: up-to-dateness respectability,12,2) Verb Suffixation diversify使多样化, modernize, quicken 3) Adjective Suffixation successful, harmless, cowardly, statemanlike, sandy, selfish, picturesque; -al(-ial, -ical), -ic, -ive(-ative, -itive), -ous(-eous, -ious) cultural, editorial,
12、heroic, explossive, sensitive, ambitious, virtuous有道德的, commendable (-able/-ible), poorish, touching,13,4) Adverb Suffixation -ly, -ward, -wise, clockwise, earthward The most active suffixes are ee, -ese, -wise, -ish: kissee亲吻者, laughee, computerese电脑术语, clock/lenthh/cross/budgetwise在预算方面, otherwise
13、, weather/health/time/securitywise 就安全问题来说; -nik“参加的人,以为特征的人”。 Beatnik “垮掉了的一代”的成员 filmnik影迷 jazznik, Vietnik反越战分子 goodwillnik 捧场的人 protestnik,14,3.2. Compounding/ Composition (复合法) Compounding is a process of word-formation by which 2 independent words are put together to make one word. Words forme
14、d by compounding are called compounds. A compound has 3 writing forms: heartbreak, tax-free, air line(固体、连体、分离体), 2 stresses, usually on the first syllable. Some compounds meanings have something to do with their member words, eg. darkroom; Some not, eg. hot dog. Some words have 3 writing forms: cal
15、lgirl, call-girl call girl. Besides compound nouns, adjectives and verbs, there are compound prepositions, eg. throughout, compound connections, eg. however; compound pronouns, eg. nobody,15,3.2.1 Compound Noun 1) noun + verb: night-fall, frost-bite 2) noun + noun: safety-belt, television screen银屏,
16、identity crisis个性危机 3) noun + verb+ing: book-reviewing书评, fault-finding挑剔, brainwashing 4) verb + ing + noun: frying pan煎锅, baking power发酵粉 5) others: pin-up girl挂在墙上的漂亮女孩的照片, sleepwalking梦游, upbringing教养, off-spring后代, cookout野餐 carryings-on愚蠢轻率的行为,16,3.2.2 Compound Adjective 1) noun + verb+ed: hen
17、-pecked 怕老婆的, weatherbeaten饱经风霜的 2) noun (pron) + verb+ing: self-glorifying自我吹嘘的 3) noun + adjective: carsick, watertight不漏水的, duty-free免税的 4) others: high-sounding唱高调的, deaf-mute聋哑, town-bread城里长大的, custom-built订制的, far-fetched牵强附会的,17,3.2.3 Compound Verb 1). Back-formation(逆生而成) window-shopping to
18、 window-shop; chain-smoker to chain-smoke; spring-cleaning to spring-clean; mass production to mass produce; air-conditioning to air-condition 2). Conversion(转类而成) snowball to snowball滚雪球似地增长; machinegun to machinegun; nickname to nickname; honeymoon to honeymoon 由3个及以上的单词构成的复合词: lady-in-waiting宫廷侍女
19、, forget-me-not, a dog-in-the-manager,18,3.3. Conversion(转类法 Conversion is a process of word-formation by which a form that represents one part of speech(词类) is used as another part of speech without changing the form of the word. Its also zero derivation(零位派生), because no affixes are used in the pr
20、ocess of word conversion. 转类法是把一种词类转变成另一种词类的构词方法。它无须借助词缀就能实现词类的转换,故称零位派生。 3.3.1 Verb Its very common for nouns and verbs to convert each other, nearly all the simple nouns can be converted into verbs. The converted verbs are brief in language, vivid in style, eg. to house the refugees.,19,The conver
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