Unit 13 Coastal and Ocean Navigation.doc
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1、Unit 13 Coastal and Ocean Navigation1 INTRODUCTION TO U.S. AIDS TO NAVIGATION SYSTEM1.1 TYPES OF MARKSLateral marks are buoys or beacons indicating the port and starboard sides of a route to be followed, and are used in conjunction with a conventional direction of buoyage.侧向标是指港口和航线的右舷应遵循的,并配合传统的浮标方
2、向使用的浮标或灯塔。Generally, lateral aids to navigation indicate which side of an aid to navigation a vessel should pass when channels are entered from seaward and a vessel proceeds in the conventional direction of buoyage. 通常,航行横向助航设备表明当船舶进入一个朝海的航道或船舶朝传统的浮标方向前进时应朝航路标志的哪边通过。 Since all channels do not lead f
3、rom seaward, certain assumptions must be made so the system can be consistently applied.因为并非所有航道都朝向海,所以我们必须假设从而使系统可以经常被应用 。In the absence of a route leading from seaward, the conventional direction of buoyage generally follows a clockwise direction around land masses.由于渠道并非从朝海方向引进以来,传统的浮标一般是顺时针方向围绕着
4、大陆板块运动。Virtually all lateral marks are located in IALA Region B and follow the traditional 3R rule of red, right, returning. 实际上几乎所有的侧向标都处于国际航标协会B区,并按照传统的3R的红,向右,回转的规则。In these waters, returning from seaward and proceeding toward the head of navigation is generally considered as moving southerly alo
5、ng the Atlantic coast, westerly along the Gulf coast and northerly along the Pacific coast在这些水域,从朝海方向回转和继续流动到地区边界通常被认为是移动大西洋沿岸偏南,墨西哥湾沿岸以西和太平洋沿岸偏北。Preferred channel marks are aids to navigation which mark channel junctions or bifurcations and often mark wrecks or obstructions. 首选的航道标志是航标标志着通道路口,分叉和经常
6、标记沉船或障碍物。Preferred channel marks may normally be passed on either side by a vessel, but indicate to the mariner the preferred channel. 首选通道一般可以通过标记的船的一面,但表示对水手的首选渠道。 Preferred channel marks are colored with red and green bands. 首选的频道标志用红绿两种色彩来标记。 II BUOYS AND BEACONS The IALA maritime buoyage guidel
7、ines apply to buoys and beacons that indicate the lateral limits of navigable channels, obstructions, other dangers such as wrecks, and other areas or features of importance to the mariner. This system provides five types of marks: lateral marks, safe water marks, special marks, isolated danger mark
8、s and cardinal marks. (Cardinal marks are not presently used in the Unite States) Each type of mark is differentiated from other types by distinctive colors, shapes and light rhythms. 国际航标协会海上浮标指引适用于浮标和信标指示的通航渠道,障碍物,其他危险,如沉船,以及其他对于船员比较重要的特征。该系统提供五种类型的标记:侧标志,安全的水痕,特殊标志,独立危险标志和其他基本标志。 (基本标记目前没有在联合国通用)
9、每一类型的标志都有自己独特的颜色、形状和光线。Buoys are floating aids to navigation used extensively throughout U.S. waters. They are moored to the seabed by concrete sinkers with chain or synthetic rope moorings of various lengths connected to the buoy body. Buoy positions represented on nautical charts are approximate p
10、ositions only, due to the practical limitations of positioning and maintaining buoys and their sinkers in precise geographical locations. Buoy positions are normally verified during periodic maintenance visits. Between visits, atmospheric and sea condition, seabed slope and composition, and collisio
11、ns or other accidents may cause buoys to shift from their charted locations, or cause buoys to be sunk or capsized. 浮标是遍布全美的漂浮着的航路标志。他们通过与系泊链或合成不同长度的绳子连接到具体的系泊浮标坠入海底。由于定位的实际限制和浮标难以保持精确的坠入地理位置,海图上浮标的位置只是大概位置。浮标的位置通常是通过定期维护来核实。在观察过程中,大气和海况,海底坡度的构图,碰撞或其他意外事故可能导致浮标从图上绘制的位置处移动,或导致浮标沉没或倾覆。Buoy moorings va
12、ry in length. The mooring lengths define a watch circle, and buoys can be expected to move within this circle. Actual watch circles do not coincide with the symbols representing them on charts. 浮标系泊长短不一。系泊长度是一个可视位置圈,浮标可以在这个圈子内移动。实际上可视位置圈与图上代表的并不一致。Mariners attempting to pass a buoy close aboard risk
13、 collision with a yawing buoy or with the obstruction which the buoy marks. Mariners must not rely on buoys alone for determining their positions due to factors limiting buoy reliability. Prudent mariners will use bearings or angles from fixed aids to navigation to positively fix their position.航海者试
14、图冒着碰撞的危险来利用偏航的浮标或者这类浮标标记的物体来通过此地。海员不能单独依靠浮标来确定由于各种因素限制下自己的位置。谨慎的海员将使用固定的轴承或角通航,修订他们的位置。Beacons are aids to navigation which are permanently fixed to the earths surface. These structures range from lighthouses to small unlighted daybeacons, and exhibit a daymark to make these aids to navigation readi
15、ly visible and easily identifiable against background conditions. The daymark conveys to the mariner, during daylight hours, the same significance as does the aid to navigations light at night. 窗体底端灯塔灯塔灯塔灯塔 灯塔灯塔灯塔是永久固定在地表的船舶助航设备。这些结构从灯塔到小型无光日用灯塔,且具有夜晚使用能力使这些航标随时在各种背景条件下容易识别。该日用灯塔传达到水手,在白天和夜晚有有同样的导航意
16、义。Vessels should not pass fixed aids to navigation close aboard due to the danger of collision with rip-rap or structure foundations, or with the obstruction or danger being marked.为了避免船舶碰撞乱石堆和基石的危险,船舶不应该靠近已有标记的障碍和危险物。III LIGHTED AIDS TO NAVIGATIONMost lighted aids to navigation are equipped with co
17、ntrols which automatically cause the light to operate during darkness and to be extinguished during daylight. 导航灯大部分都配备了可自动使光在夜晚运行将在白天熄灭的控制装置。 These devices are not of equal sensitivity, therefore all lights do not come on or go off at the same time. 这些设备是不是平等的敏感性,因此所有的灯不是在同一时间运行或关闭。 Mariners should
18、 ensure correct identification of aids to navigation during twilight periods when some lighted aids to navigation are lit while others are not. 当仅有些助航灯亮着而其他关闭的晨昏蒙影的时段,船员应该确保正确的可辨别的助航设备The lighting apparatus is serviced at periodic intervals to assure reliable operation, but there is always the possi
19、bility of a light being extinguished or operating improperly. 照明器具是周期性的间隔保养以确保可靠的操作,但总有灯坏了或运作不正确的可能性。 The condition of the atmosphere has a considerable effect upon the distance at which lights can be seen. 大气对光的最大能见距离有重要的影响。 Sometimes lights are obscured by fog, haze, dust, smoke, or precipitation
20、which may be present at the light, or between the light and the observer, and which is possibly unknown by the observer. 有时灯都掩盖雾,霾,尘埃,烟雾或降水可能存在于光明,光与观察员,并可能是由观察者未知。 Atmospheric refraction may cause a light to be seen farther than under ordinary circumstances.大气折射可能会引起一盏灯照射到比一般情况下更远。A light of low in
21、tensity will be easily obscured by unfavorable conditions of the atmosphere and little dependence can be placed on it being seen.有些低强度的光将很容易被不好的大气条件搞模糊,而当被看见时,不大可信。 For this reason, the intensity of a light should always be considered when expecting to sight it in thick weather. 出于这个原因,所以当在阴郁的天气光的强度
22、应该总被考虑。 Haze and distance may reduce the apparent duration of the flash of a light. 薄雾和距离可以减少闪光的明显持续时间。 In some atmospheric conditions, white lights may have a reddish hue. 在一些大气条件,白灯可能有红色的色调。Lights placed at high elevations are more frequently obscured by clouds, mist, and fog than those lights loc
23、ated at or near sea level. 在高海拔放置的灯总是比位于或接近海平面的灯更频繁的被云,雾遮蔽。In regions where ice conditions prevail in the winter, the lantern panes of unattended lights may become covered with ice or snow, which will greatly reduce the visibility of the lights and may also cause colored lights to appear white. 冬季冰冻
24、盛行的地区,无人值守玻璃灯箱可能会覆盖着冰或雪,这将大大减少灯光能见度,也可能导致彩色光发出白色光。The increasing use of brilliant shore lights for advertising, illuminating bridges, and other purposed, may cause marine navigational lights, particularly those in densely inhabited areas, to be outshone and difficult to distinguish from the backgrou
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