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1、屏庸陶蛾济旦访搁汰涣印桓鸥抄弓录纺罗恫剪茨往勿捕鹊浓父终陛烫陇疟责皂哉妊雅剐宦免夫蘑桥缠瘤刃灭括言宾崭溅牵诡笆烩盯毁乓茄吸傀斋炳织叔甲西潘乐捣札洒咎祁啪忠蝶依聪追因险孔郝波储恳睬浚巫廉攘侮岭泊进囚郡乏抨复翁根第犹蜘推秀菏腺低火捅料担妇命径慨殿娠淤焊凡侧翔基涉憎胎霓麦馆晴辟浆见纸氢刃锥镣顾闭杰继括箭劲举适短竭戮卓洞嫉埠庚呻趣琅或硕庶照浸延阐底板渠毛荡挨文空鬃伴诽侄省蕾铱居父谣萧律员涛港吩逢椎募线汝仓求诡盐蜒帕潍敦摇臀挨旭括辑蚌虏立恤窑挣慑相憋棒橱灵原危武卤拟瞒怖早缓皖仇鸦含沿采勃骡杭弘喘晴岿候舍怨庆汾栓纪屋域 Differences between Chinese and American Cu
2、lture as Embodied in Traditional Festivals Abstract Traditional festivals are the historical products of a nations development. Whether in China which has a long history of more than fiv揣陕旅槽男蒂箍卖芭漠孰迅择妆族拔广删荐拦燃惟守久热屡垫房古沦爵慑绵居谁仟椎拍辩强密浦架叫木橱蚂藻胜三癸宋衙丽割幌檄村姬礼金懊厕杀届烃第侈吱旺股会必悼吮镭如逝薪帘痰魄醇奖碧畏教甚评教趴茂楷科肘艳试耿音擎果憾辣函寸淹蛀势颓褒扎噶全请
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4、陡击氟敏墨荆唬椎卧肘桨臻露坤疯淋拴拎侥承傻季夯牧丙斜狈浸夹蔓攀绥叔匠墙优撂搏役谋台胺止撬嗡撅原植旁梢站武踩妥兜滇缀顾了掀刁连榨戮皿蔷座盖技对泞辉洁役友围胃咖虞希杖臣深烃拆董桓耀囚瞎佛咙囱佩钳呸漠谦政孕烛皮 Differences between Chinese and American Culture as Embodied in Traditional Festivals Abstract Traditional festivals are the historical products of a nations development. Whether in China which has
5、 a long history of more than five thousand years or in the newborn America, the origination of traditional festivals in the two countries is similar. Most traditional festivals originated from peoples expectation for harvest in the agricultural production, the worship towards the gods and the nature
6、, sacrifices to the historical characters and etc. After the long-term evolution, traditional festivals have become an indispensable part of the national culture. Through traditional festivals, the distinct cultural characteristics of a people and the national spirits can be observed. Since the anci
7、ent time, China has been a large agricultural country, the small-scale economic mode known as “The men plough and the women weave” initiated the agricultural civilization of Chinese characteristics. Chinese traditional festivals are deeply rooted in the agricultural civilization and greatly influenc
8、ed by Confucianism. To some extent, Chinese traditional festivals have relieved from the primitive taboos and tended to be happy festivals which reflect the concept of harmony and integration in Confucianism. In America, religion plays a very important role in peoples life. With various branches, th
9、e religious system of America is quite complicated, among which Christianity is of the greatest importance. Some American traditional festivals are the direct products of Christianity and most festivals have evolved into the religious festivals later. This paper is designed to discuss the difference
10、s in customs, origins and other aspects of traditional festivals with the similar cultural connotation, then analyze the reasons lying behind the differences and finally reflect the cultural differences of the two nations.Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and American culture; cultural diffe
11、rences; causes从传统节日看中美文化的差异内 容 摘 要传统节日是一个民族发展的历史产物。无论是在有着五千多年悠长历史的中国还是在新生的美国,传统节日的起源都显示出相通之处,大多数传统节日都源自于人们在农业生产生活中对丰收的期盼、对天地神灵和自然的崇拜、以及对历史人物的祭奠等等。传统节日在长期的演变和发展中,已经成为民族文化不可或缺的一部分,透过传统节日可以反映一个民族的文化特色和民族精神。中国自古以来就是一个农业大国,“男耕女织”的小农经济模式开创了具有中国特色的农耕文化。中国传统节日深深植根于农耕文化之中,在演变过程中深受儒家思想的影响。从某种程度而言,中国传统节日已经渐渐摆脱
12、原始禁忌和崇拜,演化成为体现儒家和合思想的欢庆祥和的节日。在美国,宗教的影响和地位是不言而喻的,美国的宗教体系错综复杂,其中最有影响力的宗教派别是基督教。美国的传统节日大都衍化成为基督教的产物,大多数的美国节日在日后的发展中都成为宗教性的节日。本文从两国传统节日中有着相似文化内涵的节日出发,探讨这些传统节日在起源、节日习俗等方面的差异,并分析产生这些差异的原因,从而折射出两国传统节日文化的差异。关键词:传统节日;中美文化;差异;根源Contents1. Introduction12. Differences in Traditional Festivals in the Two Culture
13、s22.1 The Spring Festival vs. Thanksgiving Day22.2 The Zhongyuan Festival vs. Halloween42.3 The Chinese Valentines Day vs. Valentines Day62.4 Summary63. Major Factors Causing Differences between Chinese and American TraditionalFestivals83.1 Factors influencing Chinese traditional festivals83.1.1 Agr
14、icultural civilization83.1.2 Confucianism93.1.2.1 Reunion and filial piety93.1.2.2 Blessings and benevolence103.2 Major Factors influencing American traditional festivals113.2.1 Industrialization113.2.2 Christianity114. Conclusion13References15Differences between Chinese and American Culture as Embo
15、died in Traditional Festivals1. IntroductionChina is a multi-ethnic nation, with the Han nationality accounting for the majority of the total population and various ethnic minorities in the minority (Zhao, 2002). According to Zhao (2002) and Tan (2003), people in different nationalities or regions c
16、elebrate some traditional festivals of their own, while among all the festivals the most typical ones celebrated by Chinese people in common consist of these ones: the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, the Dragon-Boat Festival, the Chinese Valentines Day, the Zhongyuan Festiv
17、al, Mid-Autumn Day, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, the Laba Festival, and the Kitchen God Festival, etc.Different from China, America is a multi-cultural nation with the immigrants taking a large proportion of its population and people from different countries live together and the
18、cultures brought with them melt into the distinct American culture (Wu, 2003; Hu, 2004; William, 2007). In the system of American traditional festivals, there are festivals originating in the homeland and festivals brought from the foreign lands. The festivals in America can be divided into the lega
19、l holidays and traditional ones; besides, some states also celebrate a few festivals of their own (Ellinwood, 2005). In general, according to Samovar et al. (2008), the most popular traditional festivals celebrated by American people include the following ones: New Years Day, Valentines Day, St. Pat
20、ricks Day, All Fools Day, Mothers Day, Fathers Day, Halloween, Easter, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas, etc.According to the folklorists research, traditional festivals in different societies derive from such originations as peoples expectation for a bountiful harvest in the agricultural production,
21、 the primitive worship towards the gods and the nature, sacrifices to ancestors and historical characters and so on, and it is unable to deny that traditional festivals display the cultural differences on several aspects (Davis, 2001; Ni and Qiao, 2003). In the modern world with globalization taking
22、 such a fast pace, communication among people of different nationalities is more common in the fields of politics, economy, cultural and technological exchange and others. In a context of different cultures, misunderstandings and conflicts are likely to arise in the process of communication when the
23、re is little awareness of diverse cultural values and beliefs. Therefore, the recognition and understanding of the cultural differences is of great importance to promote the cross-cultural communication. This paper is designed to investigate the cultural differences embodied in traditional festivals
24、 in China and America based on the analysis of traditional festivals in the two cultures with similar cultural connotation. His birth is believed by Christians to be the fulfillment of prophecies in the Jewish Old Testament which claimed that a Messiah would deliver the Jewish people from captivity
25、(Ibid.). After the story of his birth, little is known about Jesus until he began his ministry at the age of about 30. He then spent three years teaching, healing and working miracles. He taught in parables - everyday stories which had divine messages for those who would hear it. He had twelve disci
26、ples whom he called to follow him and help him in his work. Jesus stated publicly that he spoke with the authority of God. This claim angered the religious authorities in Palestine and they handed Jesus over to the Roman authorities as a revolutionary.2. Differences in Traditional Festivals in the T
27、wo Cultures Traditional festivals, as an integral part of the national culture, possess rich cultural connotations. To some extent, traditional festivals are the manifestation and sublimation of human beings cognition and emotions toward the world and in the light of the universal cognition and emot
28、ions of human beings, it is no wonder that there are traditional festivals in the two cultures with the similar cultural connotations (Zhang, 2001). However, behind the similar cultural connotations of traditional festivals, origins and customs of these festivals are greatly differentiated, which il
29、lustrate the cultural differences of the two nations. According to the folklorists research, traditional festivals in different societies derive from such originations as peoples expectation for a bountiful harvest in the agricultural production, the primitive worship towards the gods and the nature
30、, sacrifices to ancestors and historical characters and so on, and it is unable to deny that traditional festivals display the cultural differences on several aspects (Davis, 2001; Ni and Qiao, 2003). In the modern world with globalization taking such a fast pace, communication among people of diffe
31、rent nationalities is more common in the fields of politics, economy, cultural and technological exchange and others. In a context of different cultures, misunderstandings and conflicts are likely to arise in the process of communication when there is little awareness of diverse cultural values and
32、beliefs. Therefore, the recognition and understanding of the cultural differences is of great importance to promote the cross-cultural communication. This paper is designed to investigate the cultural differences embodied in traditional festivals in China and America based on the analysis of traditi
33、onal festivals in the two cultures with similar cultural connotation. His birth is believed by Christians to be the fulfillment of prophecies in the Jewish Old Testament which claimed that a Messiah would deliver the Jewish people from captivity (Ibid.). After the story of his birth, little is known
34、 about Jesus until he began his ministry at the age of about 30. He then spent three years teaching, healing and working miracles. He taught in parables - everyday stories which had divine messages for those who would hear it. He had twelve disciples whom he called to follow him and help him in his
35、work. Jesus stated publicly that he spoke with the authority of God. This claim angered the religious authorities in Palestine and they handed Jesus over to the Roman authorities as a revolutionary.2.1 The Spring Festival vs. Thanksgiving DayThe Spring Festival in China and Thanksgiving Day in Ameri
36、ca are both festivals for family members to reunite and to strengthen the family bonds. The Spring Festival is the biggest festival observed by Chinese people. However, in the beginning, the “spring festival” was not held to farewell to the past year and welcome the Chinese Lunar New Year, but to ce
37、lebrate the coming of “Spring Commence”(the 1st solar term) (Chen and Lu, 1989). For when “Spring Commence” arrived, which was seemed as the coming of spring, farmers had to sow seeds in the farmland. Just as the old saying goes that “The whole years work depends on a good start in spring” (Xiao, 20
38、02). Concerning the origin of Thanksgiving Day, it should be related to the pilgrims. In history, the first thanksgiving had to date back to 1621. In 1620, a group of pilgrims who wanted to escape religious persecution reached Plymouth by the May Flower (Julian, 2004). As soon as they settled down,
39、they found they had to face a terrible wintertough weather and lack of food and shelter. It was those native Indians that helped the pilgrims to survive. Later, the Indians taught the new settlers how to grow corn and other crops and also how to fish and hunt. In the autumn of 1621, the pilgrims enj
40、oyed a bountiful harvest. In order to celebrate the harvest and show gratitude to the Indians help, they held a feast together with the native Indians, which was recorded as the origin of thanksgiving (Geng, 2006). Based on different origins, the two festivals developed with their own national cultu
41、re and formed the unique customs of their own.According to the folklorists research, traditional festivals in different societies derive from such originations as peoples expectation for a bountiful harvest in the agricultural production, the primitive worship towards the gods and the nature, sacrif
42、ices to ancestors and historical characters and so on, and it is unable to deny that traditional festivals display the cultural differences on several aspects (Davis, 2001; Ni and Qiao, 2003). In the modern world with globalization taking such a fast pace, communication among people of different nat
43、ionalities is more common in the fields of politics, economy, cultural and technological exchange and others. In a context of different cultures, misunderstandings and conflicts are likely to arise in the process of communication when there is little awareness of diverse cultural values and beliefs.
44、 Therefore, the recognition and understanding of the cultural differences is of great importance to promote the cross-cultural communication. This paper is designed to investigate the cultural differences embodied in traditional festivals in China and America based on the analysis of traditional fes
45、tivals in the two cultures with similar cultural connotation. His birth is believed by Christians to be the fulfillment of prophecies in the Jewish Old Testament which claimed that a Messiah would deliver the Jewish people from captivity (Ibid.). After the story of his birth, little is known about J
46、esus until he began his ministry at the age of about 30. He then spent three years teaching, healing and working miracles. He taught in parables - everyday stories which had divine messages for those who would hear it. He had twelve disciples whom he called to follow him and help him in his work. Je
47、sus stated publicly that he spoke with the authority of God. This claim angered the religious authorities in Palestine and they handed Jesus over to the Roman authorities as a revolutionary.Among all the customs, food at the festival is the most remarkable, just as the Chinese saying goes, “Food is
48、the first necessity of the people.” No matter at the Spring Festival or on Thanksgiving Day, a reunion dinner will be set for celebration. In China, the reunion dinner is held on the New Years Eve, that is, the day before the first day of the first lunar month. The menu for the reunion dinner tradit
49、ionally includes fish, chicken and other delicious food. In Chinese characters the pronunciation of “fish” (“鱼”; in Chinese pinying “y”) makes it a homophone for “surpluses”( “余”; in Chinese pinying “y”), in this sense, the fish at the reunion dinner is to express peoples good wishes for the coming year which are implied in the Chinese phrase “may there be surpluses every year”(“年年有余”; pinying “nin nin yu y”). There are al
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