构词法1第三讲.ppt
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1、A Survey of English Lexicology,Word-formation(1),构词(Word Formation),Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation. Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following term
2、s and their features in forming new words: derivation; compounding; conversion; abbreviation; (clipping; acronymy; blending; sound reduplication); backformation,词缀都是粘着语素,依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。 (Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are
3、 bound morphemes. ) Two types of affixes: 屈折词缀和派生词缀(Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes),表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. They express the following meanings:,Plu
4、rality名词复数 The genitive case 名词所有格 The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高级 The verbal endings 动词词尾变化,e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. s in boys, childrens e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches
5、shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.,派生词缀(Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes) They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.,前缀
6、Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g., unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. 后缀 Suffixes are affixes after the root By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, m
7、odernize.,构词法,基本构词方法 派生法derivation 复合法blending 转化法conversion 其它构词方法 缩略法shortening/abbreviation 逆生法 back-formation 拟声法 onomatopoeia,基本构词方法,派生法derivation 派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法. It is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into pr
8、efixation and suffixation. 如: 拉丁词根duc- / duct-: conduct, introduce, produce, reduce; conductive, conduit, conductor,前缀 Prefixation,前缀 Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems without changing the word class but only modifying its meaning.如: de-: “离去,出去” dehydrate (v.脱水), d
9、eorbit (v.使脱离轨道); “向下,降级” devalue,; “使逆转” decentralize; “完全的” defunct (a.已消亡的). 如: deplane, deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger), deice(r),前缀 Prefixation,表示否定的前缀 Negative prefix a-, dis-, in-, il-, ir, im-, non-, un- a-: apolitical Dis-:dishonest in- / im- / ir- / il-: illiterate irresistible inform
10、al imbalance, incorrect, improper, illogical, irregular Non-: Un-: untidy,表示方式的前缀 Mis-: mislead, miscalculate Mal-: maltreat, malnutrition, Co-:co-operate, co-chairman 表示态度的前缀 Anti- : anti-war Counter-: counter-revlution, counter-charge re-: react, resist Pro-: pro-American, pro-Communist 表示程度的前缀 Su
11、per-: superman, super-power Under-: underfeed, underdeveloped Over-: overcareful, overdo,表示时间的前缀 Pre-: prenatal Post-: post-war Ex-: ex-serviceman Re-: rebuild 表示地点的前缀 Inter-:international Super-: superstructure Over-: overhead Sub-: subway Under-:underground,英语中三个能决定词性的前缀 En- (在b, p, m前用em-) 与名词结合,
12、 意为“使处于状态,处境” 如: enslave, empower, embody, endanger; 与形容词结合,如:enble, enrich, enlarge, endear, ensure. Be-: 与名词,形容词结合构成动词,如:befriend, becloud, benumb, becalm, belittle; 也可以加在名词之前, 使其成为带-ed的形容词,含有轻蔑或戏谑之意,如: bespectacled(戴眼镜的), benighted(不觉天黑了,愚昧的) A-: 使动词,名词变成表语性形容词,如: asleep, astir, afire, afoot,后缀su
13、ffixation,后缀suffixation: the formation of words by adding suffixes to roots. Noun suffixes Denominal nouns -Concrete: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette,-let -Abstract: -age,-dom,-ery, -hood, -ism, -ship 2) Deverbal nouns -denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er(-or) -denoting action, result, process, state: -age
14、, -al, -ance, -tion, -ence,-ing, -ment 3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness 4) Nouns and adjective suffixes related to human being or nationality names: -ese, -an, -ist,形容词后缀 adjective suffixes Denominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish,-ly, -y, -less, -like, -al, -esque, -ic, -ous Note: -ic and ical can be
15、affixed to the same stem, but differ in meaning, 2) Deverbal suffixes: -able(-ible), -ive, (-ative, -sive) 3) Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise 4) verb suffixes: -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise,派生词的结构,前缀+自由词根 prearrange, postscript, rewrite, enlarge, inapt, disloyal 自由词根+后缀 darkness, friendship, go
16、vernment, hopeful, hopeless, lifelike, darken, badly, clockwise 前缀+自由词根+后缀 inaction, improfitable, unfriendly, removal 组合形式+自由词根 predict, descend, contradict, evolve; tolerance, liberate, diction, linguist; ascendant, contradiction, intolerable, disruptive; telescope, microscope, thermograph 科技术语中组合
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