高中英语非谓语ppt课件.ppt
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1、非谓语动词的功能用法,NON-FINITE VERB,1.限定动词与非限定动词的区别,限定动词在句中可以充当谓语,有人称、数、时态和语态的变化,非限定动词在句中不受句子主语、人称和数的限定,不能在句中充当谓语,所以也称为非谓语动词,What he has done is disappointing and his parents feel disappointed. I like getting up very early in summer.,非限定动词 (非谓语动词) non-finite verb,不定式 (to do) infinitive,动名词 V-ing gerund,分词par
2、ticiple,现在分词 ing,过去分词 -ed,非谓语动词功能一览表,不定式INFINITE,3. 不定式在句中的作用:,主语,定语,表语,宾语,状语,宾补,1.不定式的形式,不定式通常由不定式符号 “to +动词原形”构成,比如动词 write 的不定式就是 to write。不定式也有时态和语态。例如:,时态,语态,不定式的形式,不定式常常带有自己的宾语,宾语+宾语补足语或状语,带有这些成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。,3.不定式结构,eg.He began to study Russian.,eg.He wanted to send me a gift.,eg.He began t
3、o feel sad.,eg.It continued to rain heavily.,eg.He decided to live in the countryside.,4.不定式的否定形式,不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加 not, never 等否定词。,We decided not to buy the house.,She wished never to see them again.,She was told not to be worrying any more.,I understand him not to have left here.,5.不定式结构的句法功能,
4、不定式结构在句中可以作主语,宾语,补语,表语,定语和状语。,As the subject: (作主语,谓语用单数),eg.To give good service is our duty.,eg.To clean the room once a week is necessary.,eg.To develop agriculture is very important.,eg.To meet you is a great pleasure.,不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个“it”, 而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此,以上四个句子可以分别改为:,It is our duty to g
5、ive good service.,It is necessary to clean the room once a week.,It is very important to develop agriculture.,It is a great pleasure to meet you.,It is +adj.+ of/for sb. to do sth.,As the predictive (作表语),不定式作表语有两种情况:,主语和表语都是不定式,eg.To protect forests is to keep natural balance.,eg. To promise too mu
6、ch is to promise nothing.,主语通常是由hope, idea, job, plan, mistake, suggestion, wish, work等词充当.,eg.The poor girls wish was to buy a pair of warm shoes.,eg.His suggestion was to make a fire.,eg.What he would say was to call a meeting.,As the object: (作宾语: V+ to do) (记下!),能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有 agree, ask, be
7、g, begin, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, learn, like, mean, offer, plan, prefer, refuse, promise, remember, try, want, wish等.,eg.They decided to move to Shanghai immediately.,eg.She prefered to live in the countryside.,eg.The children begged to come with us.,eg. It means that every athletes sho
8、uld try to run faster.,eg.I have forgotten to bring my umbrella.,如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补, 就得用 “it” 作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。,eg.Quite a lot of students find it difficult to master English.,eg.Do you think it possible for him to complete his studies in two years time?,作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。,eg.Have you decided w
9、hen to go?,eg.The little girl forgot what to say.,eg.I dont know which to choose.,这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。,eg.He asked me how to pronounce the word.,eg.He didnt tell me what to do next.,eg.We showed them how to repair the car.,eg.He promised me to get a doctor for my daughter.,As the object complement: (作宾补
10、 ) (v + sb. to do、v + sb. to be),在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中,不定式结构可作宾语补语。,eg.She told me to get up early.,eg.Id love them to come tonight.,eg.We think him to be an outstanding scientist.,eg.I advised him to see a doctor immediately.,在 feel(一感); hear, listen to (二听) ; let, make, have (三使);see, notice, watch, observ
11、e,look at (五看) 等动词之后,不定式通常不带 to。 (记下!),eg.I saw a boy climb over the fence.,eg.We all felt the house shake.,eg.I wont let you go alone.,eg.We will have Tom help group A.,但若这些动词用于被动语态,其后的不定式就需要带 “to”.,eg.A boy was seen to climb to his mother.,eg.The clock was heard to strike twelve.,不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时,不定
12、式放在被修饰词之后。不定式与所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系、动状关系。 I have a lot of work to do. (动宾关系) He is looking for a room to live in. (动状关系) He is the first person to think of the idea. (主谓关系) He has got a chance to go abroad. (同位关系) 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时,用主动表达被动意义。 Do you have anything else to say?,(5) As the attri
13、butive: (作定语 ),eg.He worked hard to catch up with his class mates.,(6)As the adverbial(作状语),不定式作状语可以表示目的,结果,原因等意义。,a.表示目的,eg.He went home to see his brother.,eg.To study the political situation in Russia, Marx began to learn Russian at the age of fifty.,为了加强语势,不定式结构还可以用 in order to /so as to 来引导。,eg
14、.The old man put on his glasses in order to /so as to see the object more clearly.,eg.In order to get the money for higher education, he did a lot of odd jobs.,b.表示结果,不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式:,eg.He is so careless as to get everything out of order.,eg.He is such a fool as to think that everybody else is afr
15、aid of him.,eg.Its too late for us to go home.,eg.She was too tired to work on.,此外,还可以在句尾用(only) to表示一种出乎预料的(通常是不愉快的)结果。,eg.I hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.,eg.He got to the airport (only) to be told that the flight was cancelled.,c.表示原因,eg.He was sad to hear the news.,
16、eg.She seemed surprised to meet us.,eg.Im sorry to have made the mistake.,eg.Im glad for you to have finished the work so soon.,(7) 其他用法,To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.,to make matters worse to be frank/honest,be to blame, be to let(出租) the last one to arrive,各种省略to的不定式结构 不定式符号to的保留问题
17、(五三P65),eg.I have a lot of work to do.,eg.She has no need to be worrying.,eg.He is said to have left Shanghai.,eg.The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic.,2.不定式的时态:,3.不定式的语态:,The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.,They were all waiting for the ga
18、te to be opened.,He is sure to have been taught by a good musician.,Im sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.,一.不定式的复合结构,1.一般来说,动词不定式的逻辑主语就是句中的主语.,I am sorry to hear that.,We need oxygen to breath.,He was seen to go out with a man.,He wants to learn English.,Some stars are too smal
19、l to be seen.,This point to be explained is about the long history of iron.,2.在以“宾语不定式”的复合结构中,宾语就是不定式的逻辑主语,She wants you to call him back at 11.,I often heard him sing the song.,They want the machine to be tested at once.,3.在“ for/of ”+名词(或代词的宾格)动词不定式的结构中,“ for/of ” 后的名词(或代词的宾格)为动词不定式的逻辑主语,This is f
20、or you to decide.,I dont think it advisable(可取的) for her to study medicine,There are a lot of experiment for the students to do.,This box is too heavy for him to carry.,动名词GERUND,1.动名词的形式:,2.动名词的特征,eg.You must practise reading English aloud.,eg.Getting up early is a good habit.,动名词具有动词的特征,可以带有宾语,宾语补
21、足语,状语等。在句中起名词的作用,3.动名词在句中的作用:,主语,定语,表语,宾语,1)动名词作主语,动名词作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念,即泛指某种行为和动作。,eg.Skating on real ice is great fun.,eg.Collecting stamps will cost you a lot of money.,eg.Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.,eg.Reading history helps broaden your world outlook.,动名词结构作主语,通常也有两种位置;一种是位于句首;另
22、一种是用 it作形式主语,而将动名词结构后置。,eg.It is no use blaming him now.,eg.Its interesting collecting stamps.,eg.It is pleasant working with you.,eg.Its a waste of time searching for a ring in the woods.,*不定式和动名词结构都能作主语,但从语义上看,用动名词结构作主语泛指意义较强,而不定式作主语则表示具体的一次性动作。,eg.Reading novels is an enjoyment.,eg.To read this n
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