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1、第 九 章 高级路由协议,本章目标,通过本章的学习,您应该掌握以下内容: 熟练掌握OSPF,EIGRP协议的工作原理。 熟练配置单区OSPF,并能够进行基本的OSPF故 障排除。 正确配置EIGRP协议。,OSPF的优点,可适应大规模网络 路由变化收敛速度快 无路由自环 支持变长子网掩码VLSM 支持等值路由 支持层次结构(区域划分) 提供路由分级管理 支持验证 支持以组播地址发送协议报文,OSPF层次结构,OSPF层次结构,OSPF引入了区域的概念,区域分2种: 1.骨干区域(area 0) 2.常规区域 注意,所有的常规区域必须和骨干区域相连,OSPF表,OSPF 协议自身维持三张表: 1
2、. 邻居表 2. LSDB(链路状态 数据库)表 3. 路由表,OSPF协议报文,OSPF协议概述,OSPF的邻居关系的建立是依赖于hello包的。发送Hello包有两个作用: 1.建立邻居表 2.选举DR和 BDR,OSPF协议概述,Router ID(RID) 一个32bit的无符号整数,是一台路由器的唯一标识,在整个自治系统内唯一。 1.作用? 2.如何选举?,DR和BDR的选举,DR/BDR选举规则: 当选举DR/BDR 的时候要比较hello 包中的优先级(priority),优先级最高的为DR,次高的为BDR.默认优先级都为1.在优先级相同的情况下就比较RID,RID 等级最高的为
3、DR,次高的为BDR.当你把优先级设置为0 以后,OSPF 路由器就不能成为DR/BDR,只能成为DROTHER. DR/BDR选举完成后,DRother只和DR/BDR形成邻接关系.,OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(1),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(2),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(3),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(4),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(5),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(6),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(7),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(8),OSPF邻接关系的建立过程(9),FUll 状态表示邻居之间的LSDB表已经同步。,SPF算法,每个路由器都以自己为根结点,向下生成一个树形结
4、构。,配置单区域的 OSPF,Router(config-router)# network address wildcard-mask area area-id,将网段指派到指定的区域中,Router(config)#router ospf process-id,启用 OSPF,OSPF 配制举例,查看 OSPF 配置,RouterX# show ip protocols,Verifies that OSPF is configured,RouterX# show ip route,Displays all the routes learned by the router,RouterX# s
5、how ip route Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived, C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived, E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140
6、.0.0 O 10.110.0.0 110/5 via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2 O IA 10.67.10.0 110/10 via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2 O 10.68.132.0 110/5 via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2 O 10.130.0.0 110/5 via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2 O E2 10.128.0.0 170/10 via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2 .
7、. .,查看 OSPF 配置,RouterX# show ip ospf Routing Process “ospf 50“ with ID 10.64.0.2 Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa Number of areas transit capable is 0 External flood list length 0 Area BACKBONE(0) Area BACKBONE(0) Area has no authentication SPF algorithm last executed 00:0
8、1:25.028 ago SPF algorithm executed 7 times ,Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics,RouterX# show ip ospf,查看 OSPF 配置,RouterX# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0 Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 192.168.254.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0 AS 201, Router ID 192.
9、168.99.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1 Designated Router id 192.168.254.10, Interface address 192.168.254.10 Backup Designated router id 192.168.254.28, Interface addr 192.168.254.28 Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 60, Wait 40, Retransm
10、it 5 Hello due in 0:00:05 Neighbor Count is 8, Adjacent neighbor count is 2 Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.28 (Backup Designated Router) Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.10 (Designated Router),RouterX# show ip ospf interface,Displays the area ID and adjacency information,查看 OSPF 配置,RouterX# sh
11、ow ip ospf neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface 10.199.199.137 1 FULL/DR 0:00:31 192.168.80.37 FastEthernet0/0 172.16.48.1 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.1 FastEthernet0/1 172.16.48.200 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.200 FastEthernet0/1 10.199.199.137 5 FULL/DR 0:00:33 172.16.48.189
12、 FastEthernet0/1,RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor,Displays the OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis,查看 OSPF 配置,RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor 10.199.199.137 Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 192.168.80.37 In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Ethernet0 Neighbor priority is 1, State
13、is FULL Options 2 Dead timer due in 0:00:32 Link State retransmission due in 0:00:04 Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 172.16.48.189 In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Fddi0 Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL Options 2 Dead timer due in 0:00:32 Link State retransmission due in 0:00:03,查看
14、OSPF 配置,RouterX# debug ip ospf events OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0 hello interval received 10 configured 10 net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0 dead interval received 40 configured 30 OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117 aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk
15、: RouterX# debug ip ospf packet OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116 aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0,OSPF Authentication,OSPF 提供两种方式的认证模式: 1. simple password authentication 2. MD5 authentication,OSPF Authentication,ip ospf authentication-key password,RouterX(config-if)#,Assigns a password
16、 to use with neighboring routers,RouterX(config-if)#,ip ospf authentication message-digest | null,Specifies the authentication type for an interface (as of Cisco IOS Release 12.0),RouterX(config-router)#,area area-id authentication message-digest,Specifies the authentication type for an area,OR,OSPF
17、 Authentication Example,EIGRP协议概述,EIGRP是最典型的平衡混合路由选择协议,它融合了距离 矢量和链路状态两种路由选择协议的优点,使用闪速更新 算法,能最快的达到网络收敛(convergence),EIGRP的特点,高级距离矢量协议 灵活的网络设计 快速收敛 100%没有环路 增量更新,组播和单播发送更新 支持VLSM和CIDR 支持多种网络层协议 支持等值和不等值负载均 衡,EIGRP Tables,EIGRP路由发现,EIGRP度量值,带宽 延迟 负载 可靠性 最大传 输单元,邻居发现,EIGRP路由器彼此交换路由必须是邻居,建立邻居关系要满足一下三点: 收
18、到hello或ACK 匹配AS号 相同度量,可靠传输协议,当EIGRP发送组播数据给邻居时,如果没有从某个邻居得到应答,则单播重发同样数据,16次后仍然没有得到应答,则宣告邻居消失,即可靠组播。 通过为每个数据包指定一个序列号,路由器可保持对所发信息的追踪。,扩散更新算法,DUAL为EIGRP提供所有协议中尽可能快的路由会聚时间。 EIGRP快速会聚的关键有两点: EIGRP路由器维持所有邻居的路由拷贝 若本地没有可替代路由,Eigrp快速询问邻居查找,配置 EIGRP,宣告直连主类网络号,启动EIGRP,RouterX(config)# router eigrp autonomous-sys
19、tem,RouterX(config-router)# network network-number,EIGRP配置举例,EIGRP配置,RouterX# show ip eigrp interfaces IP EIGRP interfaces for process 109 Xmit Queue Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending Interface Peers Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes Di0 0 0/0 0 11/434 0 0 Et0 1 0/0 337 0/10 0 0 SE0:1.
20、16 1 0/0 10 1/63 103 0 Tu0 1 0/0 330 0/16 0 0,RouterX# show ip eigrp interfaces,Displays information about interfaces configured for EIGRP,RouterX# show ip protocols,RouterX# show ip route eigrp,Displays the current EIGRP entries in the routing table,Displays the parameters and current state of the
21、active process,Show ip EIGRP neighbors,RouterX# show ip eigrp neighbors IP-EIGRP Neighbors for process 77 Address Interface Holdtime Uptime Q Seq SRTT RTO (secs) (h:m:s) Count Num (ms) (ms) 172.16.81.28 Ethernet1 13 0:00:41 0 11 4 20 172.16.80.28 Ethernet0 14 0:02:01 0 10 12 24 172.16.80.31 Ethernet
22、0 12 0:02:02 0 4 5 20,RouterX# show ip eigrp neighbors detail,Displays the neighbors discovered by IP EIGRP,Show ip EIGRP topology,RouterX# show ip eigrp topology all,Displays the IP EIGRP topology table Without the all parameter, shows successors and feasible successors,RouterX# show ip eigrp topol
23、ogy IP-EIGRP Topology Table for process 77 Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply, r - Reply status P 172.16.90.0 255.255.255.0, 2 successors, FD is 46251776 via 172.16.80.28 (46251776/46226176), Ethernet0 via 172.16.81.28 (46251776/46226176), Ethernet1 via 172.16.80.31 (46277376/46251776), Serial0 P 172.16.81.0 255.255.255.0, 2 successors, FD is 307200 via Connected, Ethernet1 via 172.16.81.28 (307200/281600), Ethernet1 via 172.16.80.28 (307200/281600), Ethernet0 via 172.16.80.31 (332800/307200), Serial0,本章总结,OSPF,EIGRP协议的工作原理 EIGRP的手工汇总和自动汇总 单区的OSPF配置,
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