地中海古文明ppt课件.ppt
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1、Ancient Egyptian Civilization,Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization located in Northeastern Africa. It was concentrated along the Nile River in what are now the modern countries of Egypt and Sudan.,Pre-dynastic Egypt began to take shape as early as 4000 BC. Southern states, such as Abydos, Naqad
2、a, and Hierakonpolis, began to spread their culture to the North and dominate the Northern kings. Abydos emerged as the power center around 3200 BC, launched trade with the Levant, and set the stage for dynastic Egypt.The Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unif
3、ication of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, Menes/Narmer. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods.,The Old Kingdom, of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom, of the Middle Bronze
4、 Age, the New Kingdom, of the Late Bronze Age, and the Napatan/Ethiopian/Kushite/Nubian Kingdom, of the 7th century BC. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power during the New Kingdom, in the Ramesside period, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of for
5、eign powers in this late period. In the aftermath of Alexander the Greats death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of Egypt. This Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province.,The success of ancient Egy
6、ptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored min
7、eral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominan
8、ce. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a Pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.,The many achievements of th
9、e ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first kn
10、own ships,Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treat.Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of t
11、ravellers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.,Hellenic Civilization,Hellenistic civilization (Greek civilization beyon
12、d classical Greeks) represents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world from 323 BC to about 146 BC (or arguably as late as 30 BC). Hellenistic civilization was preceded by the Classical Hellenic period, and followed by Roman rule over the areas Greece had earlier dominated even though muc
13、h of Greek culture, religion, art and literature still permeated Romes rule, whose elite spoke and read Greek as well as Latin.,The spread of Hellenistic culture was sparked by the conquests of Alexander the Great. After his ventures of the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throu
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