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1、2011英语中考复习之句法,陈,一、 主 要 句 式,(一) 知识概要 初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种: 主语+不及物动词。如:I arrived at six last night. 主语+及物动词+宾语,如:I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, te
2、ach, 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语+系动词+表语,如:Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型,表示存在某种事物,如:There is a map on the wall 其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:There is going
3、 to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应,要注意的有如下几点: 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。 有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如: The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如:
4、This pair of glasses is good。 My glasses are broken. 有些形单却意为复数的名词,如: People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police, 如果要讲一个警察时,应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen 所有不定代词 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something 要作为单数如: Some
5、one is waiting for you在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有: and not only but also, neither nor, either or 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并列连词有: but 和 yet, 如: She is a good student, but she didnt pass the final exam. 又如: I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示选择关系的连词有:or, either or,如:
6、Hurry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列连词有: for, so 如: They studied very hard, so they all passed the exam,在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如: I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如: I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句
7、的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如: I am sure (that) she has passed the exam if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时,要用 whether, 如: I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,
8、如: I dont understand what you said (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如: I asked him what made him sick (what 在宾语从句中作主语), who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:I know who she is looking for? whose 如: I want to know whose book this is? which 如: Do you know which book is mine? 在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词, how 它的应用最广,如: how much,
9、how many, how long, how soon, how old 。如: How much does it cost? when 它只是连接时间状语,如: Please tell me when the meeting will begin? where 它连接地点状语,如: Where are you from? why 它要连接的是原因状语从句,如: The teacher asked why Tom didnt come to school.,在考试中常见到的考点是:宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态,
10、如: I know he didnt come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如: 一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如: I wanted to know when he would come。 The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun,状语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接
11、词有:after, before, when, as, as soon as, until (till), while, since, by其中较难掌握的有以下几点: until (till) 直到,在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如: I studied hard until 12 oclock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如: He didnt go to bed until his mother came back 由since, for, by, before 来引导的时间状语
12、从句。 since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如: I have studied English since 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如: I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时, ago 则多用于一般过去时,如: He had finished his work before twelve yesterday。 I left my hometown two years ago, 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般
13、现在时,如: If it rains, they wont go to the park on Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如: He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如: I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如: I want to know if it rains he will
14、come here tomorrow,宾语从句在原因状语从句中,在原因状语从句中主要是 because, 应译为“因为“。它表达的因果关系最强,如: He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard since 应译为“既然“,如: Since you were ill yesterday, I left some notes on your desk, as 应译为“由于“,如: As it is too hot wed better go swimming. since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for
15、表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: He studies hard, for he wants to go to college.在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as as, 如: This book is as good as that one. 要注意的有两点: as as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。 用形容词还是副词,如: Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为 not as (so) as, 如: They didnt work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如: He is younger than
16、I am. 要注意的是表示“越来越“这一概念时有两个句型: 比较级and比较级,如: The days are getting longer and longer. The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful. 定冠词 the 比较级 the 比较级,如: The harder you study, the more you can learn,方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句,如: Please do it as I did it. 但后面的句子常作省略,如: Please
17、do it as I. 而 like 是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如: Please do it like me.结果和目的状语从句主要有 so that, so that, in order that等几种用法。 so that用在单数可数名词前,so 形容词 a 名词 that,如: She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such a 形容词 名词 that, 如: She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such, 如:
18、 It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如: They are such good players that they should win the game. 在much, many, few, little 之前只能用so, 如: I have so little money that I cant buy it so that 之间只有形容词时,则不能用 such, 如: It is so good that I want to buy so that 其后接从句,如: I got up earlier so that I
19、 could catch the first bus,(二) 正误辨析,误 The stories in that book was written many years ago 正 The stories in that book were written many years ago. 析 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词,它们往往要带有修饰词,这些词可能是形容词,也可能是短语,但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数,要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份,如: book 作了 of 的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。 误 To read many books are good
20、for you 正 To read many books is good for you 析 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语,误 What he said are right 正 What he said is right 析 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。 正 The rich is not always happy 误 The rich are not always happy 析 形容词定冠词表示一类人,谓语动词应用复数,如: The young are very interested in study and sports 误 The school master and writer
21、are coming 正 The school master and writer is coming 析 本句应译为:校长兼作家就要来了。而 The school master and the writer are coming 则要译为:校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass 这应译为:一个女孩,一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如: the husband and wife 夫妻二人。,误 You or she go to get some water for us 正 Y
22、ou or she goes to get some water for us 析 由 or 连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有 either or,neither nor, not only but also 也有人称作“就近原则“。 误 The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom 正 The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom 析 真正的主语是 the teacher, 而 with 短语是伴随状态,不影响主语的数
23、。 误 My glasses is broken 正 My glasses are broken 误 This pair of glasses are good 正 This pair of glasses is good 误 These kinds of butter is good. 正 These kinds of butter are good 析 英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如: glasses 眼镜, shorts 短裤等。如没有量词在前时,要用复数谓语动词,但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算,误 One of the boys are going to take part in
24、 the match 正 One of the boys is going to take part in the match 析 One of 结构应以 one 来计算主语的数。 误 Half of the work are done 正 Half of the work is done 误 Half of the books is read 正 Half of the books are read 析 在小于1的数量词作主语时,如: , of 名词,这时主语的数应按 of 后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数,则谓语动词要用单数,如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词,误 Each
25、sides are full of trees 正 Each side is full of trees 误 Both side is full of trees 正 Both sides are full of trees 析 each, either 其后都要加单数名词,而 both 后要加复数名词。 如: each, either, another, little, a little, much等作主语时,谓语动词全部要用单数形式。 误 The boys each has an apple 正 The boys each have an apple 析 each 作同位语时,不影响句子的
26、主语。 误 Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert 正 Every one of us has a ticket for the concert 析 everyone, someone, everybody 在作主语时都不能加 of 结构。 误 Girls like dancing very much, but few likes playing football 正 Girls like dancing very much, but few like playing football 析 few 虽然含意上是“几乎没有“,但作主语时仍要当作复数
27、,误 The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred 正 The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred 析 the number of 意为:某某的数字是 如: the number of students 学生人数, the number of players 运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 a number of 与 many 意思相同,其后加可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如: A number of students are playing
28、 on the grass 误 The rest of the students is here 正 The rest of the students are here 误 The rest of the work are done 正 The rest of the work is done 析 the rest of 的用法与,一半, of 的结构一致, of 后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词,为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有 lots of, a lot of, plenty of。 误 The news in todays newspaper are not
29、bad 正 The news in todays newspaper is not bad 析 有些以 s 结尾的名词要用作不可数名词,它们是:news, physics, mathematics, thanks, ,误 The Chinese is kind and friendly 正 The Chinese are kind and friendly 析 Chinese 作为中文来讲是单数名词,但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如: one Chinese, two Chinese 而 The Chinese The people of China 要用复数谓语动词。 误 This dic
30、tionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars are a big sum for me 正 This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars is a big sum for me 析 表示一段时间,一笔金钱,一段距离,都应看作单数名词。 误 Who are going to take part in our football match? 正 Who is going to take part in our football match? 析 用 who 提问时,习惯上用单数谓语动词,但 whic
31、h 则要视其情况而定,如: which are better these shoeses or those shoes? 又如: which is better this one or that one?,误 What a hot weather it is! 误 How hot the weather it is! 正 What hot weather it is! 正 How hot the weather is! 析 感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由 what 与 how 作句子的开始,判定是用 what 还是用 how 的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句,比如: What the
32、 hot weather it is! 应转换为: It is the hot weather 那么句子的起点是单词 it。 再来看感叹句中 it 前有不可数名词 weather, 则只能用 what。 再看第二句 How hot the weather is! 转为陈述句时为: The weather is hot这时句子的开始单词为 the weather, 再来看感叹句在 the weather 前只有形容词,所以应用 how。 至于是用 what a 还是 what 要看名词的具体情况而定,单数可数名词加 what a 其余的加用 what。 误 I want to know wher
33、e does he live 正 I want to know where he lives 析 宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序,而不用疑问语序。,误 We have to sing this, have we? 误 We have to sing this, havent we? 正 We have to sing this, dont we? 析 在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外,有一些例外: Lets go home, shall we? Let us go home, will you? She had to leave, didnt she? Do your homework at o
34、nce, will you? There is not much good news in todays newspaper, is there? Neither of them are right, are they? I think he will come to the party wont he? think 后的宾语从句,与其他宾语从句不一样,在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语,其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词,而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定,如: I dont think he is coming to our party, is he?
35、,误 - I havent got a ticket for the football match - Nor I have 正 - I havent got a ticket for the football match - Nor (Neither) have I 析 nor, neither 用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用so, 如: I do my homework very quickly, So does Mary 误 Look! Here the bus comes! 正 Look! Here comes the bus! 误 Look! Here c
36、omes he! 正 Look! Here he comes 析 在 there, here 打头的句子中,如果主语是名词,则要采用倒装语序;如果是人称代词则用一般语序。 误 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us? No, I dont hope so 正 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us? No, I hope not 析 我不这样想,可用 I dont think so. 但 hope 的否定简答句只能用 I hope not. 这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的,如:
37、I think so. I hope so 误 That is difficult for us to learn English well 正 It is difficult for us to learn English well 析 It 这里的语法作用是形式主语,而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用 it 而不能用 that, 如: I think it difficult to learn English well. it 在这句中是 think 的形式宾语。,(三) 例题解析,1 There a pencil box on the desk A .is B. are
38、 C. has D. have 答案 A. 析 There be 句形中的 be 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定,如: There are two books and a pencil on the desk 但却可以讲 There is a pencil and two books on the desk 2 Could you tell me ? A Mrs King where lives B where does Mrs King live C where Mrs King lives D Mrs King lives where 答案 C. 析 宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序,3
39、Your brother came to see you, ? A does he B doesnt he C did he D didnt he 答案 D. 析 前句是肯定句,后面反意疑问句要用否定句,同时 came 为过去时态,所以应用 didnt he 4 Its getting cloudy, ? Adoes it Bdoesnt it Cis it Disnt it 答案 D. 析 要区分s 是 has 还是 is, 这里由 getting 得出s 是is。 5 keep me waiting so long A Not BWont CDont D Not to 答案 C. 析 Do
40、nt 动词原形为祈始句的否定句。,6 Mr Green hasnt been to Beijing, ? A has he B hasnt he C did he D didnt he 答案 A. 析 此句 has 是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。 7 You have your lunch at school, ? A have you B havent you C do you D dont you 答案 D. 析 这里的 have 是实意动词“吃“,而不是助动词。 8 sunny day! Lets go out for a walk A How a B How C What a D
41、 What 答案 C. 析 这个感叹句是个省略句,其真实的句子应为 What a sunny day it is!,9 - Can you tell me ? - Sure, Shes a nurse Awhere is your sister Bwhere your sister is Cwhat is your sister Dwhat your sister is 答案 D. 析 who 问的是姓名,如: Who is he? He is Smith 或 He is my father. What 问的是职业,如: What is he? He is a teacher 10 John
42、likes listening to the radio, ? Adoes he Bdoesnt he Cdoesnt John Ddoes Johe 答案 B. 析 当名词作主语时,反意疑问句应用代词。 11 Neither you nor I on the team A are B were C am D is 答案 C. 析 由 neither nor 作连接词作主语时,其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应,12 delicious food! Id like some more A what a B How a C What D How 答案 C. 析 因 food 为不可数名词。 1
43、3 there a cat under the chair? A Are B Is C Has D Have 答案 B. 析 这是 there be 句型的疑问句。 14 Could you tell me ? A when the train will arrive B when the train arrived C when did the train arrive D when does the train arrives 答案 A. 析 could 用于现在时疑问句表达了口气的委婉,并不是过去时态。且宾语从句要用陈述语句。 15 - bad weather! - Yes, But i
44、ts going to be fine soon, I think A How B What a C What an D What 答案 D. 析 weather 为不可数名词。,16 - Could you tell me ? - Yes, They to the library A where are the twins, have been B where were the twins, have been C where the twins are, have gone D where the twins were, have gone 答案 C. 析 have been to 是去过
45、什么地方,而现在回来了。 have gone to 是到某地去了,人现在不在这里。 17 Go and the TV quickly. The volleyball match will begin right away A turn off B turn down C turn up D turn on 答案 D. 析 这是个祈使句,它由 and 连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。 18 Lets go for some tea, ? A shall we B will we C do we D dont we 答案 A. 析 Lets go , shall we? Let us go
46、, will you?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句,19 Joans short, ? A wasnt she B hasnt she C isnt she D doesnt she 答案 C. 析 在此句中应视s为is,而不是 has 或 was。 20 I dont know to read the word A which B what C whose D how 答案 D. 析 因不定式 to read 中的 read 是及物动词,已有自己的宾语 the word, 所以应用疑问副词 how。 21 He didnt go to school, he was ill A for B but
47、 C and D so 答案 A. 析 这里是表示因果的关系,从句表示原因,所以用 for,放于句尾,且常常前面有一个逗号。so 引起的是结果状语从句,如: He was only twelve, so he couldnt join the army,22 The young woman can hardly ride a bike, she? A doesnt B does C cant D can 答案 D. 析 hardly 为否定词,所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定句。 23 Tom never goes to the cinema on Sundays, ? A does he B doesnt he C isnt he D is he 答案 A. 析 never 也是否定词,所以应将句子看作否定句。 24 Mother said to him, “Dont on football“ A spend too much time B to spend too much time C spend too many time D to spend too many time 答案 A. 析 time 作为“时间“讲为不可数名词,应用 much 来修饰。当作“次数“讲是可数名词,如 thr
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