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1、Grammar 非谓语动词 非谓语动词功能比较 to do的复合结构 -ing form的复合结构 非谓语动词的否定式 -ing form 与 pp 的区别 by liu xiaoyu,动词不定式的基本形式,被动语态,一般式,进行式,完成式,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,1.He is too young to have seen the old society. 2.The book is said to have been translated into Russian. 3.Come, I am suppose
2、d to be calling you to lunch. 4.You are too young to be meeting young man.,不定式与谓语同时发生 进行式 不定式比谓语先发生 完成式,ing-form 的基本形式,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,完成式,4.Allan repeated having shot the bird. 5.Having noted down her name,the man went away.,1.Going down town I met a friend. 2.Martin insisted on going to work in spit
3、e of his illness. 3.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.,ing-form与/比谓语的动作同时、先发生、后发生 一般式 ing-form比谓语的动作先发生 完成式(强调先后关系),同时,后,先,先,先,非谓语动词功能比较,eg.I like skating,but I dont like to skate today. Playing with fire is dangerous. Look out!To play with fire is dangerous.,eg.There is
4、no joking about such matters.,主语、表语、宾语,1. to do 表示具体的动作,-ing form表示泛指的动作。,2.“there is no +主语”句型中,多用-ing form.,eg.He attends the meeting being held in the room now. He attended the meeting held yesterday. He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.,2.表示被修饰词的内容时, 用to do.,eg.She has a strong wish t
5、o go to college.,1.从时态上看,-ing form表示正在进行的动作 pp表示已经完成的动作,to do表示将来的动作。,定语,eg. I found him cooking supper. I found supper cooked when I got home. It is true I saw Henry cook supper.,-ing form与宾语为主动关系,强调动作正在进行; pp与宾语为被动关系,强调动作已经完成; to do只单纯表示一个事实,强调动作的全过程。,补语,作状语时的区别:,-ing form,pp表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,e
6、g.they worked hard to pay for the necklace. I went to see him only to find him out. I am glad to see you.,to do表示1.目的; 2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结果。常用only强调。 3.原因表示造成情感变化的原因。,目的,结果,原因,非谓语动词的否定形式,Not + to do / -ing form,He decided not to do it. She wished never to see him again.,I fancy it has done you a lot of
7、good not going. Not seeing John,I asked where he was. Not having done it right, I tried again.,-ing form 与 pp 的区别,-ing form表示主动,正在进行,pp表示被动,已经完成,作表语时或定语时,-ing form表示“令人” ,pp表示“感到”,常见的有下列感官动词:move ,surprise,astonish,delight,comfort,disappoint,puzzle,frighten,作宾补时,比较对象为宾语,作定语时,比较对象为被修饰词,作状语时,比较对象为句中主语
8、,1.The story was _,we were all _. A.moving,moving B.moved,moved C.moving,moved D.moved,moving 2.There is a _ expression on his face.Maybe the problem is too difficult for him. A.puzzled B.puzzling C.puzzle D.to puzzle 3.With his son too_, the father was sad. A.disappointed B.disappointing 4.She let
9、out a _ voice and we ran to her hurriedly. A.frightened B.frightening,1.I could feel the wind _ on my face from an open window. A.to blow B.blowing C.blown D.to be blowing 2.Well meet Mr.Black,_ as a famous scientist. A.knowing B.to be known C.known D.being known 3._ more time, we could do it better
10、. A.Giving B.To give C.Given D.To be given 4.A young man _ novels came to us yesterday. A.to write B.writing C.written D.wrote 5.All the things_,his proposal is of greater value than yours. A.considered B.considering C.consider D.to consider 6._Sunday, the students are at home. A.Being B.To be C.It
11、is D.It being,to do的复合结构,1.for sb. to do sth.,常见的形容词有:good=nice/bad, kind/cruel=rude, clever=wise/stupid=silly, right /wrong,sensible,2.of sb. to do sth.,sb.is/are adj.to do sth.,ing form的复合结构,1.形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+ing form 2.代词宾格/名词+ing form,主语 表语 宾语,宾语,1.To do the job is impossible.,2.It is necessary t
12、o study a foreign language.,3.To do such a thing is stupid. =It is stupid to do such a thing.,4.It is wrong to tell a lie.,For a child to do the job is,=It is impossible to do the job.,It is necessary for students to study a,It is stupid of you to do such a thing.,It is wrong of him to tell a lie.,Y
13、ou are stupid to do such a thing.,He is wrong to tell a lie.,说出To do动作的执行者时,须用复合结构,1.Do you mind opening the door? 2.Going there saved us a good deal of trouble. 3.Being late again made the teacher angry.,Do you mind me/my opening ,Toms going there saved us a good ,His being late again made,说出-ing f
14、orm动作的执行者时,须用复合结构,1.Crossing the street,he was knocked down by a bus. 2.Being sick I stayed at home. 3.Seen in the light, it is not as serious as people suppose. 4.Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 5.He sat in the armchair,reading the newspaper. 6.The train spent too much time stopp
15、ed, waiting for the other trains.,时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随,伴随,-ed form,used as an adjective or adverb,Grammar and usage,一、The -ing form used as Attribute (-ing形式作定语),These female pigs are cloned. So we call them _pigs,These female pigs are cloned. So we call them pigs_,that/which are cloned,cloned,The kidnapp
16、ers were using a _car. (steal) The name _in the letter was unknown to me.(mention) The firemen were rescuing the people _ in the fire. (trap),stolen,mentioned,trapped,Scientific experiments which are carried out by students can be dangerous.,Scientific experiments _by students can be dangerous.,carr
17、ied out,A few verb-eds before nouns can express past meanings instead of passive meanings.,boiling water,比较,boiled water,fallen trees/ leaves escaped animals a retired president a lost envelope,falling leaves an escaping criminal a retiring president,比较,We can also put an adverb or something else be
18、fore a verb-ed to form a compound verb-ed form.,广泛运用的技术 训练有素的工人 手写的信件 欠发达地区 受过良好教育的市民 倍受尊敬的教授,a widely-used technique well trained workers hand-written letters underdeveloped regions well-educated citizens a well-respected professor,Rewrite the following sentences with verb-ed form. I think cloning
19、that is done by scientists is dangerous. The problems that are created by cloning will be clear.,I think cloning done by scientists is dangerous.,The problems created by cloning will be clear.,We dont want beasts that are created by scientists to replace us one day. The only thing that is needed is
20、a cell from your old pet.,We dont want beasts created by scientists to replace us one day.,The only thing needed is a cell from your old pet.,二The verb-ed form can also be used as predicative of a sentence. eg.,My grandfather was delighted to hear I had passed exams,The problem stayed _after 3 days
21、discussion. (unsettle),unsettled,注意: get verb+ed.de结构 eg. get paid/injured/hurt.,As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. (01全国)(A) A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed,Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. (04全国I) A get changed B get change C get changi
22、ng D get to change,工人们都是按月计酬的 Mary终于从那次受伤中恢复过来了,Workers get paid by the month.,Mary finally got recovered from the injury.,We need to further discuss the problem _unsolved. remained B. to remain C. remaining D. to be remained,三 The verb-ed form can be used as object complement of a sentence. eg. 1).
23、 As he knows very little English, he finds it difficult to make himself _. (understand) 2). I _ yesterday. (寄信) 3). You must make yourself when you talk in front of the class. (hear) 4). After the robbery, they found the windows _.(break) 5). You mustnt make the secret between us _to the public. (kn
24、ow),understood,had my letter delivered,heard,broken,known,The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year. Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out,Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. (2004高考广西卷) making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. maki
25、ng herself heard D. to make herself heard,四 The verb-ed form can be used as adverbial of a sentence to express,1). Time When taken to the hospital, the boy began to cry Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.,When he was taken to the hospital, the boy began to cry,When it is seen from space, the
26、earth looks blue.,It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when_ at the meeting by my boss. (04全国IV) A questioning B have questioned C questioned D to be questioned,introduce When first_ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. When first _myself to my parents-in-law, I felt a bit nervou
27、s.,introduced,introducing,Whenever I am in trouble , I will lock myself alone at home , always _myself many whys. (question),questioning,2). Reason Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.,Because he was shocked by the article, the woman,Digitally _ (record) in the studio,
28、the disc can carry much more information than normal ones.,recorded,Because it was digitally recorded in the studio, the disc.,1). by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm . (04辽宁) 2). _a large number of people, the show was indeed a great success.
29、 AAttracting BAttracted CTo be attracted DHaving attracted,B,A,3). Condition Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.,If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.,If it is taken three times a day , the medicine will work better.,Ta
30、ken three times a day , the medicine will work better.,_ time, hell make a fist-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given,This is so_ a lesson that so many students are _of it. (bore),相似动词总结:tire/disappoint/move/exciting/frustrate/touch satisfy/amaze/convince/encourage/exhau
31、st,boring,bored,an interesting crosstalk,有趣的相声,Because of interesting performances given by Fenggong and Niuqun, I have become interested in crosstalk.,We use verb-ing forms to describe someone/something that causes certain feelings, and they are usually active in meaning; while we use verb-ed forms
32、 to say how we feel about someone or something, and they are usually passive in meaning as they describe how someone/something is affected by an action.,小结:,This is an _win over the best team in this region. (encourage) He was so _in this exam that his instructor was _.(disappoint) They were all _(m
33、ove) by the _story. (touch) With so many _evidences , the police are now _that he has committed the crime. (convince),encouraging,disappointing,disappointed,moved,touching,convincing,convinced,Mr. Smith,_ of the_ speech, started to read a novel. (03北京春季) Atired; boring Btiring; bored Ctired; bored D
34、tiring; boring,六A verb-ed can follow a verb , such as stand , sit and lie when the two actions are happening at the same time or it can be used on its own or followed by an adjective /adverbial.(伴随状语),She lay trapped under the building for three days.,She lay there and was trapped .,改写:The pop-star
35、stood there and was surrounded by his fans for half an hour.,The pop-star stood surrounded by his fans for half an hour.,After his journey front abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _ exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted,She left the restaurant , disappointed.,She left the
36、restaurant and was disappointed.,他度假回家,累的要死,He arrived back home from vacation, dead tired.,几个特殊的过去分词的运用: lost /given/dressed/seated lost: I can not find my lost wallet. When he came into my room , I was lost in thought. He is not understood by his friends , so he often sits alone ,feeling extremely
37、 lost given:鉴于,考虑到; 指定的,规定的 Given his health, we will have to send for a doctor. Given more time , I will do the job better. We are to finish the task at the given time,相当于,considering,_ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000北京春季) Given B. To gi
38、ve C. Giving D. Having given,_ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (05湖南卷) Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed,The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _as the plane was making a landing. (04上海春季) A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating,_ in
39、the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police (05江苏卷) A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing,倒 装 结 构 inversion,英语句子的自然语序是“主语 + 谓语”。 如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,这种语序被称为“倒装”。谓语全部放在主语之前,为全部倒装;只把助动词,连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前,为部分倒装。 倒装的原因,一是语法结构的需要 (如某些疑问句);二是为了强调; 三是保持句子的平衡或是上下文
40、紧密相接。,一、 全 部 倒 装,(谓语全部放在主语之前) 此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时,1.there be句型, 其中be动词有时可exist, live, stand, lie, seem, appear,remain, happen 等词代替(全部倒装) 1) There is an experienced teacher and many lovely students in the classroom.,2.方位词in, out, there, here, inside, outside, up, down, away, off, downstairs, upstairs
41、等以及now, then放在 句首时,谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等, 并且句子的主语是名词。(全部倒装),注意:主语是人称代词时,仍用自然语序。 Away they went. (=They went away.),2) There lay a winding brook in front of an old house.,2) Now comes your turn to sweep the floor.,1) Away flew the bird which I bought yesterday.,3.直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时,有时用倒装。 (全部倒装
42、) “Whats up, Tom?” asked Mother. “The car is mine,” said Tom.,注意:主语是代词时,不倒装。 “The car is mine,” he said.,4.为了平衡句子结构的需要,或为了强调状语(常为介词短语),或为了使上下文紧密衔接时,将状语提前 (全部倒装) 1)They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 2)Nearby were the canoes in which they had come to the island.,5.主语太长,表语太
43、短,为了平衡句子结构的 需要,将表语提前。 (全部倒装),1. Inside the pyramid are the burial rooms for the kings and queens. 2. Gone are the days when we are enslaved. 3. Present at the meeting are ten famous writers.,such和be连用作表语时,也常用倒装语序,如:,1. Such was not his intention.,4. Among the children was an old man.,2. Such are the
44、 facts.,二、 部 分 倒 装,把助动词,连系动词或情态动词 放在主语之前,1.用于疑问句。(部分倒装) Shall everything be ready before you arrive? What can I do for you?,注意:疑问词做主语或修饰主语时,主谓不颠倒. Who can work it out? How many students have read this book?,2.用于省略if的虚拟条件从句中,should / were / had 被放在句首。(部分倒装) 1)Had I not adopted my class teachers advic
45、e, I would have made such a serious mistake.,2)Were she you, she would tell her parents the truth.,3) Should I earn money, I should live better.,3、so, as, neither, nor, no more 位于句首,表示前面的 情况也适合于另一人或物时。(部分倒装) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you wont go, neither will I.,- Do you know Jim quarrel
46、led with his brother? - I dont know, _. A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also,注意:若只是表示对前面所述内容的肯定,确认, 主谓不倒装 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. “Its raining hard.”,“So it is.”,4. 含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首,如hardly, rarely, seldom, scarcely, barely, never,
47、not, few, little, neither, nor, not only, hardlywhen, in no case, by no means, no soonerthan, many a time, often 等。 (部分倒装) 1)Not until the 19th century was the written examination probably known. 2)Not only was everything he had taken away from, but also his German citizenship. 3)Not a single mistake did he made.,4)Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.,Hardly anyone believe that today. Not only you but also she has been to Beijing. Neither the girls nor John is to blame.,1. Not only is she a good singer, but also she is a good dancer.,2. Neither did he watc
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