第二讲选择词义.ppt
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1、第二讲 选择词义,以like为例: The two buildings are very like.这两座楼很相像。(形容词/alike) Dont treat me like a guest. 别把我当客人。(介词) Like enough, the ship will arrive in the port tomorrow. (副词/likely)这条船很可能明天进港。 Like knows like.(名词)英雄识英雄。 I hope I can drive the tractor like you do.(连词)我希望开拖拉机开得像你一样好。 I dont like smoking.(
2、动词)我不喜欢抽烟。,一词多义的根源是词义的演变。一个词产生新的词义后,旧义可能消亡,也可能保存。一词多义是语言的普遍现象,只不过英语比其他语言多。,确定词义的方法: 1 活用词典 2 借助语境(上下文) 3 注意搭配 4 区分词类 5 区分感情色彩 6 区分语体 7 跳出字面 8 分析作者意图,1活用词典-查阅词典须知: 注意上下文的内容,寻找合乎逻辑的联系 注意词典中关于例证、习语和复合词的编排(习语的收录) 调整措辞 扬长避短,(P12) 例:But Mama, I just cant swallow them, not even with honey. 新英汉词典八个释义:1 吞下,咽
3、下;2 吞没,淹没;3 耗尽,用尽;4 口轻信,轻易接受;5 忍受;6 压制,抑制;7 取消(前言等); 8 把(字、音)发得含糊,上下文:拌了蜜咽不下 例证:swallow ones words 取消前言,承认失言,习语收录的一般原则 (1) 动词+名词,前置词+名词,形容词+名词名词词条:look sb. in the faceface; a black sheepsheep (2 )动词+副词,动词+前置词,动词+代词动词词条:go overgo; make itmake (3 )动词+形容词形容词:come truetrue,(4 )前置词+代词代词:at thatthat (5 )句
4、子或从句形式的习语,一般收在主语的词条内;主语为代词时,收在其他起关键作用的词的词条内:Practice makes perfect.practice; He laughs best who laughs last.laugh; as matters stand matter,(6 )除此之外,一般收在习语的第一个词(冠词除外)的词条内或收在习语中起关键作用的词的词条内:a man of lettersman; as soon assoon,(P12)例:The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-c
5、entury. 四个释义:1 刮,擦;刮落,擦去;2 擦伤;刮擦(某物)使发出刺耳声;3 (尤指用手指或手)挖出;挖成;4 (艰难地)凑集、积蓄、积攒;勉强过(日子),scrape bottom 在scrape 词条下有例证scrape a ships bottom刮船底(指刮掉附着的藻类、贝壳等) 在bottom词条下,有scrape the boyyom of the barrel 美俚 利用最后一招的习语,调整措辞 (P16)例:The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century. de
6、ep 深刻的,重大的严重的(经济衰退) (P15)例:Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven. reach 到达 (经济衰退)波及,扬长避短 每一部词典在编撰上往往有其特色和优势,所以有时查某一部词典是不够的,需要借助于其它词典的强项(这也是词典数目繁多、层出不穷的原因)每部词典都有一定的局限性 需要注意名词的类别、名词的数、冠词的用法等,It was not lonely a matter of “keeping up with Russian” in retali
7、atory strength; also at stake was whether our defenses were or were not geared to the actual threat. 新英汉词典:危若累卵;在危险中;存亡攸关 这不仅仅是在报复力量上赶上俄国的事情;同时也是检验我们的防务能否在存亡攸关之时对付真正的威胁。,朗曼当代英语词典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1987: dependent on what happens要看情况的发展 这不仅是一个在报复力量上“赶上俄国”的问题,而且还关系到我们的防御措施时候针对
8、了实际的威胁。,名词的类别(特别要注意集合名词) 集合名词有时是单数形式、复数概念,后面的动词可能是is,也可能是are。 -参见章振邦新编英语语法修订本115-118,The military were as dangerous as they were ridiculous. 新英汉集合名词 军人(尤指军官) 这些军人,And from photographs of their launching sites and other data, such as that picked up on the electronic surveillance flights, U.S. intelli
9、gence was able to determine how far Soviet technology had progressed in both missile development and production. 朗曼+sing./pl.v (sometimes cap.) (a group of people who gather) information 美国情报人员,名词的数 名词的单复数往往与可数不可数有关 名词的可数与否往往跟名词含义的具体或抽象相关,quarter 四分之一;复住处 the officers quarters 高级船员的住舱 defense 防御;C m
10、eans, methods, or things used in defendingLongman our defenses 我们的防御措施,一些名词用作复数可能产生新的含义 wave 波浪;the wave(s)诗 海,水 The great ship slipped beneath the waves 巨轮沉入海中 参见新编英语语法111-114;127-128,for he dared not risk the uncertainties of a night action. (p45) uncertainty 新英汉词典:不确知,不确知的事情 1 因为在夜战中拿不准,他不敢去冒这个险。
11、 2 因为在夜战中会有各种意想不到的事发生,他不敢去冒这个险。 牛津现代高级英语词典:1 U state of being uncertain; 2 C something which is uncertain.,Sir Archbald Murrays offensive in support of a rebellion in Arabia by the nationalistic desert sheik, Hussein, began on 15 November 1916. (P45) n.dezt沙漠;v. diz:t抛弃deserted+n.,冠词的用法 a 一个; 每一个;任何
12、一个 the Some lawmakers also questioned the need for a costly new cargo airplane capable of delivering only a single tank to the Persian Gulf in a crisis. 一些议员还质问了是否需要一架仅能在一次危机中运送一辆坦克到波斯湾、花费大的新型运输机。,a cargo airplane 这种运输机每架飞机 a single tank (一次只)一辆坦克 in a crisis 在发生(任何一次)危机时 有些议员还就是否需要这种昂贵的新型运输机提出了疑问,在
13、发生危机时每架飞机一次只能向波斯湾运去一辆坦克,冠词用与不用会造成理解上的不同 The great and good do not die even in this world. 甚至在人世间,杰出的伟人也是永生不灭的。 比较:the great and the good 伟人和好人,The U.S. arranged cease-fire between Israel and Palestinian guerrillas in late July reversedat least temporarilya drift toward a new Mideast war and potentia
14、l disaster for U.S. policy. 在中东爆发一场新的战争=给美国的政策带来一场灾难 参加新编英语语法257-258;263-267,2 借助语境(上下文) “And you are my uncle, then!” she cried, reaching up to salute him. (E. Bront: Wuthering Heights, Ch.7, V.II) 原译:“这么说,你是我的姑父啦,”她嚷道,走到他跟前,行了个礼。,下文:“There damn it! If you have any kisses to spare, give them to Lin
15、ton: they are thrown away on me.” 去该死!你要是有多余的吻,就送给林顿吧:给我是白费。,Haig was planning a new attack but the Germans beat him and launch theirs on 21 March. (p42) beat 打败,挫败赶在别人前面行动 海格(英军指挥官)在计划一次新的进攻,但德国人赶在他的前面于3月21日发起了进攻。,If misery loves company, so do sports fans.(P43) 祸不单行 同病相怜 (体育比赛的观众排长队买票),以动词“work”(工
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