《经济学的十大原理.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《经济学的十大原理.ppt(31页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、什么是经济学,2,经济学,经济学(Economics) 基本观察:资源的稀缺性 研究社会对稀缺资源的管理,从而研究 人们的经济行为(人们如何做决策) 社会的经济现象(人们决策的相互作用),3,经济学的三类问题,人们如何作出决策 How People Make Decisions 2. 人们如何相互作用 How People Interact 3. 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,4,经济学的十个原理,1. 人们面临得失交换(权衡取舍)。 People face tradeoffs. 2. 某物的成本是为此所放弃的东西。 The cost of
2、 something is what you give up to get it. 3. 理性人思考边际量。 Rational people think at the margin. 4. 人们会对激励作出反应。 People respond to incentives.,人们如何作出决策 How People Make Decisions,5,经济学的十个原理,5. 贸易能使人人收益。 Trade can make everyone better off. 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式。 Markets are usually a good way to organize econo
3、mic activity. 7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果。 Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.,人们如何相互作用 How People Interact,6,经济学的十个原理,8.一国的生活水平取决于它的生产。 The standard of living depends on a countrys production. 9. 当政府发行了过多的货币时,物价上涨。 Prices rise when the government prints too much money. 10. 社会面临通货膨胀和失业之间的短期得失交换。S
4、ociety faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.,整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,人们面临得失交换 People face tradeoffs,“天下没有免费的午餐!” “There is no such thing as a free lunch!”,人们面临得失交换 People face tradeoffs,为了得到一样东西,我们通常不得不放弃另一样东西。 To get one thing, we usually have to give up a
5、nother thing. 食品和衣服 Food v. clothing 闲遐和工作(收入)Leisure time v. work(earnings) 大炮和黄油 Guns v. butter 效率和平等 Efficiency v. equity,9,人们面临得失交换 People face tradeoffs,效率:社会从稀缺资源中获得最多(饼的大小) Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. 平等:收益在社会成员中公平分配(饼的分割) Equity means the ben
6、efits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.,效率和平等 Efficiency v. Equity,2. 某物的成本是为此而放弃的东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it,人们通过考虑某事的成本与收益来决定是否做某件事情。 People decide whether to do one thing or not by considering its costs and benefits. 不过,做决策需要将这件事与其他
7、选择方案相权衡。 However, making decisions requires trading off this thing against other alternatives.,当我们仅仅计算某一件事的成本与收益时,如何将其他选择也考虑进来? How can we take other alternatives into account when calculate costs and benefits of just this thing?,11,2. 某物的成本是为此而放弃的东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get
8、it,某物的机会成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西。 The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.,12,2. 某物的成本是为此而放弃的东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it,机会成本取决于你所面临的其他选择。 在很多情况下,某些机会成本容易被忽视(未必和金钱或精力的付出直接相关)。 为什么比尔盖茨和老虎伍滋中途退学? 为什么这两年广东出现了“民工荒”?,13,3. 理性人考虑边际量 Rational people think at
9、 the margin,人们作最优决策时比较边际上的成本和收益。 People make optimal decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.,边际变化是对已有行动计划的小的、增量调整 Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.,14,3. 理性人考虑边际量 Rational people think at the margin,航空公司应该向等退票的乘客收取多高的价格? 为什么航空公司让雇员和他们
10、的亲属在乘客上完后可以免费搭乘飞机? 边际成本与平均成本 marginal cost v. average cost,15,4. 人们会对激励作出反应 People respond to incentives,成本和收益的边际量变化促使人们作出反应Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. 当某种可能的边际收益超过边际成本时,人们就会选择它The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives mar
11、ginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!,16,4. 人们会对激励作出反应:例子 People respond to incentives: Examples,使用汽车安全带的法律会增强行车安全吗? 购买自行车保险后会减少丢车吗?,17,5. 贸易能使人人收益 Trade can make everyone better off,人们从贸易中受益People gain from their ability to trade with one another. 竞争导致从贸易中收益Competition results in gains from tra
12、ding. 贸易可以使人们专业分工,做他们最擅长的事Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.,18,6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity,在市场经济中,家庭决定买什么和为谁工作。 In a market economy, households decide what to buy and who to work for. 企业决定雇用谁和生产什么。 Firms decide who to hire and
13、what to produce.,19,6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity,亚当斯密观察到,家庭和企业在市场中相互作用时,它们的行为仿佛被一只“看不见的手”指挥着。Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”,20,6.市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usu
14、ally a good way to organize economic activity,因为家庭和企业在决定买什么和卖什么时眼睛都盯着价格,他们就不自觉地将他们这些行为的社会收益与成本考虑在内了。 Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social benefits and costs of their actions. 这样一来,价格引导决策者,达到使社会整体福利最大的结果。 As a re
15、sult, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.,7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes,当市场失灵的时候,政府可以干预以提高效率和平等。 When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.,7. 政府
16、有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes,当市场不能有效率地配置资源,市场失灵发生。 Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.,7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes,市场失灵可以由外部性引起,它是某人或企业的行为对旁人(市场以外的人)的利益造成的影响。 Market failure may be caused b
17、y an externality, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.,7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes,市场失灵可以由市场势力引起,它是个人或企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or fir
18、m to unduly influence market prices.,7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes,看不见的手也不能确保公平地分配经济成果 The invisible hand is even less able to ensure that economic prosperity is distributed fairly.,26,8.一国的生活水平取决于它的生产 The standard of living depends on a countrys production,生活水平可由不
19、同方式度量: Standard of living may be measured in different ways: 比较个人收入。 By comparing personal incomes. 比较一国生产的市场总价值。 By comparing the total market value of a nations production.,27,8.一国的生活水平取决于它的生产 The standard of living depends on a countrys production,几乎全部的生活水平的不同都可以由生产率的不同来解释。 Almost all variations
20、in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.,8.一国的生活水平取决于它的生产 The standard of living depends on a countrys production,生产率是每一个工人每一小时生产的产品和服务。 Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.,高生产率 高生产水平 Higher productivity Hig
21、her standard of living,29,9.当政府发行过多货币时,物价上升Prices rise when the government prints too much money,通货膨胀是经济中整体物价水平的上升。 Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 通货膨胀的一个原因是货币发行量的增长。 One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money. 当政府发行大量货币时,货币的价值就下降。 When the
22、 government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.,10. 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期得失交换 Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment,菲利普斯曲线说明通货膨胀和失业之间的得失交换The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment: 通货膨胀 失业 Inflation Unemploy
23、ment 这是短期的得失交换关系! Its a short-run tradeoff!,31,10. 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期得失交换 Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment,短期中决策者可以通过改变政府支出量、税收量和发行的货币量来影响经济所经历的通胀与失业的组合。 By changing the amount that the government spends, the amount it taxes, and the amount of money it prints, policy makers can, in the short run, influence the combination of inflation and unemployment that the economy experiences.,
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-2587007.html