2011英语专业(本科)毕业论文《Cultural_Conflicts_in_Intercultural_Communication》4.doc
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1、1 1. Introduction Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communicative problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. It seeks to unde
2、rstand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. For the world today is characterized by an ever growing number of contacts resulting in communication between people with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, various cultural confl
3、icts in communication appear nearly everywhere in the communication between people from different cultural background. It is urgent for researchers to be aware of those conflicts and try different communicative methods to solve them in order to have a better communication in different social affairs
4、. The writer does several research about different bibliography and make a conclusion from those documents in intercultural communication with the aim of finding effective methods to solve Chinese-Western cultural conflicts in intercultural communication. The paper describes five types of cultural c
5、onflicts in intercultural communication and offers three strategies of dealing with these cultural conflicts. It first focuses on culture because it has a significant influence on intercultural communication. The definition and characteristics are both mentioned. Then we comes to five different type
6、s of cultural conflicts. They are affective conflict, cognitive conflict, value conflict, goal conflict and conflict of interest. Next we have the analysis of causes of those cultural conflicts. At last, the essay offers two strategies and two skills for dealing with cultural conflicts. They are cle
7、arness with conflicts, familiarity with other cultures, planning and asking questions 2 2. Culture Intercultural communication may be said to occur when people of different cultural backgrounds interact, but this definition seems simplistic. To properly define intercultural communication, it is nece
8、ssary to understand the world “culture”, for culture is often considered the core concept in intercultural communication. 2.1 Definition Wu and Yan (2009) said that, culture belongs to the mental wealth and the material wealth which are created by human. However, what is the correct definition of cu
9、lture? Definitions of culture are numerous. E. B. Tylor, for example, a nineteenth-century anthropologist who provided one of the earliest formal definitions of the term, describes culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities
10、and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Lustig rather, it is learned. “All of us are born with basic needs needs that create and shape behavior but how we go about meeting those needs and developing behaviors to cope with them is learned.” (Porter, Samovar they simply eat with fork in on
11、e hand and knife in the other. Another example is that: while Americans and Japanese share a need to be loved, Americans tend to express feelings of love more overtly, while Japanese are taught to be more restrained. So, when we are born, we do not know how to be a male or a female, American or Chin
12、ese, and so on; rather, we are taught. We have to learn how to eat, walk, talk, and love like other members of our cultural groups and we usually do so slowly and subconsciously, through a process of socialization. For example, a Chinese child adopted by an American family will embrace American cult
13、ural values; likewise, a Korean child raised by a Japanese family will exhibit Japanese cultural values. 4 2.2.2. Culture is Shared Culture is shared. Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of groups. It becomes a group experience because it is shared with pe
14、ople who live in and experience the same social environments. So our perceptions are similar to those of other individuals who belong to the same cultural groups. Culture is transmitted in society. We learn our culture by observing, listening, talking, and interacting with many other people. Shared
15、beliefs, values, memories, and expectations link people who grow up in the same culture. For example, according to Varner and Beamer (2005: 29), white Americans seem to share a perception that things are getting better for African Americans and that racial attitudes and interactions are improving. B
16、y contrast, many African Americans share a perception that, while equality between races has improved, there is still a long way to go. We share our opinions and beliefs with many other people and we are most likely to agree with and feel comfortable with people who are socially economically, and cu
17、lturally similar to ourselves. This is one reason why Chinese abroad tend to socialize with each other, just as Americans and British do when they are abroad. Birds of a feather flock together, but for people, the familiar plumage is culture. 2.2.3. Culture is Dynamic and Heterogeneous Martin and Na
18、kayama (2005: 31) said that culture is dynamic, or changing, and can often be a source of conflict among different groups. We must recognize that culture is not rigid and homogeneous but are dynamic and heterogeneous. Seeing culture as dynamic and heterogeneous opens up new ways of thinking about in
19、tercultural communication. After all, the people from a particular culture are not identical and any culture has many intercultural struggles. For instance, when we speak of Chinese culture or French culture, we ignore the diversity that resides in that culture. That “Chinese culture” may refer to t
20、he main land Chinese or to the Chinese from Hong Kong, who speak Cantonese. The label “Chinese” thus obscures incredible diversity. Yet, cultures are not heterogeneous in the same way everywhere. Martin and 5 Nakayama (2005:32) gave us two examples as follows: “there are poor people in the most nati
21、ons. The poor in the United States are open viewed with disdain, as people to be avoided; in many European countries, by contrast, the poor are seen as a part of society, to be helped by government programs. Likewise, gender issues are not framed the same way in all countries. For example, in the Un
22、ited States, gender equality is defined in terms of equal pay and career opportunities. In some Middle Eastern countries, women may be seen to have equality because they have tremendous power within the home and family but less influence in public arenas.” 2.2.4. Culture Involves Perception and Valu
23、es Martin and Nakayama (2005:28) said that cultural groups share perception, or ways of looking at the world. Culture is something described as a sort of lens through which we view the world. All the information we receive in a given day passes through this perceptual lens. We select, evaluate and o
24、rganize information (stimuli) from the external environment through perception. Thus, all of our prior learning the information we have already stored in our brains affects how we interpret new information. Some of this learning and perception is related to the values of cultural groups we belong to
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