明喻暗喻拟人.ppt
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1、The Appreciation of English Rhetoric,Su Xuelei,另外,值得注意的是英语中有许多成语含有明喻,其结构为as + 形容词+ as +名词(第一个as可省略)。例如: (as) blind as a bat 目光如豆 (as) cool as cucumber 泰然自若 (as) cold as a marble 冷若冰霜 (as) busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙 (as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石 (as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 (as) mute as an oyster 噤若寒蝉 (as) stro
2、ng as horse 健壮如牛 用些含明喻的成语用like构成。例如: like a duck to water 如鱼得水 like a hen on a hot griddle 像热锅上的蚂蚁 like a mouse in a hole 瓮中之鳖 以上是明喻最典型的体现格式:A is like B. 和A is asas B.,英语中的明喻可以多种格式体现,其他的格式或句型还有: 1、虚拟句型 最常见的是用as if或as though作比喻词,另外还有其他一些形式。例如: My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from
3、 an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs. (Sydney Smith ) 我的笔迹,看来就像一大群蚂蚁从墨水里逃出来,没有把脚抹干净就在纸上四散奔跑过似的。笔迹像蚂蚁爬的痕迹,比喻得恰如其分。,and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox. 还有一位我
4、生平所未曾见过最胖的女人坐在一把直背椅子上打瞌睡,那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上一样。 “一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上”比喻(含夸张)得多么生动。,She looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness of some crisis. (Isacca Bashevis Singer: The Briefcase) 她看上去既老又年轻,好像是新病初愈或是刚遭了一场灾难的样子。 He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come ou
5、t of a painting by Velasquez. (Ernest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls) 那匹马很漂亮,像是维拉斯凯兹油画上的马变活了。,2、what型 常见的句式有两种:A is to B what C is to D和 What C is to D, A is to B。例如: Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 卡洛斯雷德与可卡因的贩运的关系,正如亨利福特与汽车的关系。 卡洛斯雷德是著名的哥伦比亚毒枭(Colombian
6、drug lord),亨利福特是美国汽车大王,本句通过喻体(福特)说明本体(雷德)。此明喻起说明的作用。 Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. (Bovee) 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用,就像阳光对于花朵的作用。 The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body. 智力对思想犹如视力对于身体一样重要。,在这个明喻句式中,系动词可以改用实
7、义动词do,介词to改为 for,而成为 A does for B what C does for D 。这里what引导的是一个宾语从句。例如: Marx did for the development of society what Darwin did for the development of the biology. 马克思对社会发展的贡献和达尔文对生物学发展的贡献一样。 第二个句式是把what从句提到句首而形成的。例如: What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer. 提纲对于作家犹如蓝图对于建
8、筑师一样重要。 What blood vessels are to a mans body, that railways are to the country. 铁路对于一个国家的作用正如血管对于人体的作用。 What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵,犹如雕刻之于大理石。 What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 妙语与幽默之于会话与文学,恰似盐对于食物一样。,simile,喻体
9、的选择往往具有浓郁的民族色彩。当英汉两种语言对同一本体设喻时,所采用的喻体有同有异,且异多于同。 1.喻体相同 As cold as ice 冰冷 As cunning as a fox 狐狸般的狡猾 As still as death 死寂 As graceful as a swan像天鹅一样的优美 As chaste as ice冰清玉洁,As fat as pig 胖的像猪 As handsome as paint 美丽如画 As greedy as a wolf 想狼一样贪婪,喻体相异,由于地理环境,历史,风俗习性,价值观念,宗教信仰等的不同造成了文化的重大差异。例如 To eat l
10、ike a horse 狼吞虎咽 To drink like a fish 牛饮 Like a drowned rat 想落汤鸡一样 Like a peacock among sparrows 鹤立鸡群 As merry as a cricket 快乐如神仙 As poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗,中英动物词汇的联想意义对比,Fox 狡猾, 诡计多端 He is as sly as a fox. You have got to watch him. 他狡猾如狐狸,你可要小心点。 When the fox says he is an vegetarian, its time
11、 for the hen to look out.,2. Wolf 残忍凶暴,贪婪成性 To me he is a power-he is the primitive with cruelty of the wolf in his innermost nature. 他对我有绝对的控制权-他是个野蛮的土人,骨子里透着豺狼般的残忍。 She was as greedy as a wolf. 她像狼那样贪得无厌。 A wolf in sheeps clothing(披着羊皮的狼)。,3. Donkey (ass), pig 愚蠢,窝囊 You ass! You stupid ass! How co
12、uld you do such a thing like that?! 你这头驴! 你这头蠢驴!你怎么会干出那种事来? “pig” , she spat out at him viciously, her nostrils flaring in a look of savage disdain. “蠢猪”, 她恶毒地咒骂他,两只鼻孔张得大大的,露出极端蔑视的神情。 Make an ass of oneself(做蠢事),4. parrot 模仿 You are no better than a parrot when you act the priest, Father de Bricassa
13、rt! 徳.布里卡萨神父,当你成为教士后,并不比学舌的 鹦鹉高明多少。 5. lamb 温顺 March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb. 三月天气来时凶猛如狮,去时温和如绵羊。 as gentle as a lamb/as meek as a sheep,1. dog 在汉语中,狗是卑贱的动物,因为狗过于忠诚于主人,反而让人们讨厌,所以在汉语,与狗相关的词汇都带有贬义,如:狗仗人势,狗眼看人低,狗改不了吃屎,狗嘴里吐不出象才来,狗咬吕洞宾,狼心狗肺,狗血喷头,落水狗,丧家之犬。国人一听到狗字就特别反感。,喻义相异,对于英国人来说,狗
14、既可以用来看门或打猎,也可以被视为人的伴侣和爱物。在英国狗的地位是很高的,人们对狗的印象都很好。所以人多数与狗相关的词汇都是含有褒义或中性词义的。如:a lucky dog(幸运儿,走运的家伙)、love me, love my dog(爱屋及乌)、every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意时)、A gay dog(欢乐的人)、help a lame dog over a stile(台阶)(助人渡过难关)。,2. dragon 龙是中国传说中的神异动物。在中国,龙象征着皇权,神力,威严,尊贵。国人称自己是龙的子孙,龙的传人。在封建社会,龙是皇帝的象征。在汉语,凡与龙相关的词语都
15、是褒义,如:龙飞凤舞、 龙凤吉祥、藏龙卧虎、望子成龙、龙马精神、虎啸龙吟、龙腾虎跃、画龙点睛、攀龙附凤。,而在西方神话中,dragon是一只巨大的晰蝎,长着翅膀,身上有鳞,拖着一条长长的尾巴,能够从嘴中喷火。英国人看到dragon这个词时,想到的是青面獠牙,残忍的怪兽,邪恶的家伙和恶势力。The (old) dragon指的是撒曰,魔王,魔鬼。在英语最占老的史诗Beowulf 中, dragon指的就是个凶恶暴虐的恶龙。另外,dragon还指凶狠的妇女,悍妇,如:his wife is a real dragon(真是一个凶狠,泼辣的母老虎)。,3. bat 中国文化中,蝙蝠因与“福”字是谐音
16、,所以蝙蝠被认为是好运,吉祥的象征。在西方,蝙蝠是一种邪恶的动物,常与罪恶和黑暗联系在一起,特别是、vampire bat吸血蝙蝠,提起来就令人毛骨惊然,所以与蝙蝠相关的词语都带有贬义色彩,如: as blind as a bat(像蝙蝠一样瞎);have bats in one belfry(钟楼) (疯疯癫癫,傻里傻气)、Crazy as a bat:精神失常,发痴。,Owl在英语中常常是智慧、聪明的象征,英语比喻as wise as an ow1(象猫头鹰一样聪明)就是一例;还有“神情严肃”的联想意义, as grave as an owl.而在汉语中猫头鹰则常被视为不祥之物,会让人联想
17、起凶兆,比喻会有不测。人们认为猫头鹰叫则预示着将要死人,猫头鹰进屋更是一种凶兆。民间就有忌讳“夜猫了进宅,无事不来”,指的也是猫头鹰能够带来恶运。,A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Websters New World Dictionary),暗喻 metaphor,A figure of speech in which one thing
18、 is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit(含蓄,不明确的); whereas in simile it is explicit. ( A Dictionary of Literary Terms),Metaphors are often easy to identify and take the form X is Y. Something or someone is being compared to something or someone
19、else through a construction using the appropriate part of the verb to be (i.e. am, are, is, was, were, will be).,All the worlds a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages (Shakespeare, As you
20、 Like it ) 全世界是一个舞台,他们都有下场的时候,又都有上场的时候。一个人一生中扮演者好几个角色,他的演出可分为七个时期。 The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The tenor(本体) and vehicle(喻体) invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great de
21、tail.,Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ( Of Studies, Bacon) 一些书可以浅尝辄止;一些书可以狼吞虎咽;而有些书则需要细嚼慢咽,好好消化。 She has a photographic memory for detail. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 (把her memory比作camera,但喻体camera没有出现。),A man s nature runs either to herbs or weeds; therefor
22、e let him seasonally water the one, and destroy the other. (Bacon) 人的本性不是趋向善,就是趋向恶。把善喻做香花(herbs),把恶比做毒草(weeds),言简意赅,形象具体。,美国黑人作家体斯写的题为警告的一首诗: Warning Negroes, Sweet and docile, M eek, humble, and kind: Beware the day They change their mind! Wind In the cotton fields, Gentle breeze: Beware the hour I
23、t uproots trees!,诗中反映了美国黑人反对种族歧视、争取自由解放的强烈愿望。诗中的“Wind一词是个隐喻,表示今天的和风会成为明天的风暴,将种族歧视的参天大树连根拔起。这首诗给人以“于无声处听惊雷“的强烈震撼的感觉,读后使人精神振奋,勇气倍增。,隐喻的结构特征,喻体直陈式 认定本体就是喻体,把本体和喻体说成一件事。这种方式强化了语言表达的逻辑力量。 A book that is shut is but a block. 总是合着的书只不过是一块砖头而已。 College is a comma of a sentence of life. 大学就是人生长句中的一个逗号。,2. 喻体
24、半隐式 喻体半隐半现,此式中的喻体词语通常是由名词转化来的动词。通过这个动词对动作或状态的描述,来发现这个名词所具有的喻体特征。实际上这个动词的名词形式就是喻体。 He doesnt have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点,只会鹦鹉学舌。 A heavy silence blanketed the room. 整个房间沉浸在一片沉默中。 They stormed the speaker with questions. 他们猛烈质问演讲者。 Was covered like a blanke
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