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1、An Introduction to European Culture,王昺 教授 辽宁师范大学外国语学院 Email: ,Purposes of the course,Improve English learning Upgrade personal quality Prepare for graduate program Promote intercultural competence Broaden your vision for future,Characteristics of the Course,Wide Coverage of many fields: astronomy, g
2、eography, literature, history, religion, philosophy, political thoughts, art (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), science, etc. Knowing something of everything, not everything of something Only a taste,Focus of Study,Historical background of every period Major events (wars, invasions, reforms,
3、 revolutions, social changes,etc.) Ideologies (main assumptions) Prominent historical figures (political, literary, religious, scientific, artistic) Literary and artistic styles (main characteristics) Not original writings,Miscellany,Scope: chapter 1-chapter 8 Attendance Evaluation (paper or exam) F
4、ocus for prominent figures (names, time, contributions, masterpieces, heroes in their writings) Language of delivery Requirements for proper names (English, simple foreign, complex foreign) My personal qualifications for the course,Abilities needed and to be developed,Memorization (names, times, etc
5、.) Comprehension (ideas and ideologies) Compare and contrast (east and west) Critical thinking (why Europe leads the world in many ways) Personal analysis and synthesis,How can you learn the course well?,Establish a chronological framework of world history: 1200 146 B.C.: Ancient Greece 700 B.C. 27
6、B.C. 395 A.D.- 476 1054- 1453: Ancient Roman Empire 476 A.D. 14th century : Medieval Age 14th C (Dante) mid-17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution) 17th C: prodigious development of sci & Tech 18th C: enlightenment 19th C: Marxism, Darwinism, realism 20th C: modernism, postmodernism Since 1970s: in
7、formation age, globalization, economic integration, multiculturalism,Ancient Greek Culture,Historical context: 1200 BC. Trojan War (700BC: Homer) 800-500 BC: formative period (city states) 500-336 BC: classical period: heyday winning Greco-Persian Way; democracy in Athens; flourish of sci and art; c
8、ivil war: Athens vs. Sparta 伯罗奔尼撒战争 (432-404 BC), declined. 336-146 BC: Hellenization period 希腊化时期 Alexander III (356-336-323 BC); center: Alexandria in Egypt; Roman conquest in 146 BC,Contending Schools,诡辩学派 Sophists 500 B.C. 代表人物:Protagoras Man is measure of all things. Forerunner of Socratic dial
9、ectic Emphasis on ability to argue for any case regardless of its truth,Cynics:犬儒学派 300 B.C. Diogenes 主张: simplicity brotherhood rejecting conventions,Sceptics 不可知派 Pyrrhon Not all knowledge is attainable. Wise men should not judge, but should aim at balanced imperburbability.,Epicureans 伊壁鸠鲁学派 Epic
10、urus Pleasure is the highest good of life, achieved through practiced virtue. Different from hedonism(享乐主义)through sensual indulgence.,Stoics 斯多葛派,禁欲主义学派 Zeno antithesis of Epicureans virtue, not pleasure, is the highest good. Duty Hardship,Ancient Rome,Period of Kings: 753-510 B.C. City of Rome set
11、 up Period of Republic: 510-27 B.C. 1) Occupation of whole Italy 2) expansion: Punic Wars (264133 B.C.), defeating Carthage (迦太基) 3) Slave uprisings (133-27 BC.):斯巴达克斯,Period of Empire: 27 B.C. 476 A.D. 1453 27 BC. 193 AD. Pax Romana 前三头:克拉苏,庞培,凯撒 (Julius Caeser) 后三头:雷必达,安东尼,屋大维 (Augustus Octavius)
12、after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions (Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals) 475: split WRE and Byzantium 1453: conquered by Ottoman Empire (Modern Italy: 1871),Romans & Greeks,Similarities: Democracy: citizen assembly, hostile to monarchy Religion and mythology: Languages (Greek and Latin): Indo-Euro
13、pean family,Differences: Romans built an empire, Greeks not. Greeks: art and intellect Romans: Military: Roman legions Law: Roman Law Constructions: aqueducts, roads Government system: effective bureaucracy,The Bible,It is not a single book, but a collection of 66 books, different in style, content,
14、 subject of matter, and point of view. Not written by one person, but by many anonymously, some sections had existed orally before. Not written within a single period of time: Old Testament: 1,000 - 15 B.C. N. T.: 50 150 A.D. Not written in one language: O.T: in Hebrew; N.T: in Greek (partly in Aram
15、aic 阿拉米语),* Books in it are not systematically classified or chronologically arranged. * It contains words of God, an inspired and inspiring book an encyclopedia (poem, history, tale, moral teachings, etc.), * It is a book that was ordered to be burned, but survived every time. * It is a book transl
16、ated into over 1,000 Ls and dialects. * Number One in terms of publication volume; greatly influencing Eu culture.,Classification of 66 books,Old Testament: (Hebrew History) 1. Law and history 2. Prophecies 3. Poetry, drama, tales, moral teachings New Testament: (Life of Jesus Christ) 1. Gospels 2.
17、Letters 3. Revelations The central theme binding all books: Hebrew tradition written by, meant for and about Hebrews.,Genealogy Adam & Eve Noah 诺亚(Ark) Abraham (to Canaan迦南) Moses 摩西(Exodus) Joshua (约书亚)(back to Canaan) split (犹太国&以色列国) Saul 扫罗(unification) David 大卫(built Jerusalem) Solomon所罗门,Life
18、of Gesus,Born on Dec. 25th, 4 B.C. In Bethlehem 伯利恒 From a carpenters family Joseph & Virgin Mary Disappeared as a child Life before 30: unknown At 30: baptized by John From 30-33: preaching At 33: cruxifixation on Good Friday 2 days later (Sunday): resurrection to heaven (Easter),Spread of Christia
19、nity,In early time: suppressed by Roman gov. Later: developed quickly 305 A.D.: stopped persecution 313: Emperor Constantine granted religious freedom (Edict of Milan米兰敕令), became legal. Constantine baptized at deathbed 392: Emperor Theodosius 塞奥多西乌斯made Christianity the official religion of the Emp
20、ire and outlaw all other religions. 6th century: Nestorianism 景教 reached China.,Translation of Bible,Original: Hebrew (旧) model for versions in other Ls. After 16th Century: into many national languages.,English Versions,1382: John Wycliff 威克里夫 16th Century: William Tyndale, literary quality 1611: K
21、ing James Bible(詹姆斯一世钦定本), plain language and most influential 1885: revised edition 1901: American edition,Chinese Versions,* 7th C: 景教本 (敦煌) * 17th C: 明清本,by missionaries * 1919: 和合本, financed by churches * 1979: 联合本 (in H.K.),Famous saying from the Bible,the last straw that falls gently on the ca
22、mels back 引起巨大后果的最后因素 Can the leopard change its spots? 本性难移. To sow the wind and reap the whirlwind自食其果. A living dog is better than a dead lion. It is more difficult for the rich to give than for the camel to go through the eye of a needle.,The Middle Ages (the Medieval Times),Time: 476 A.D. 14th
23、C.(人文主义出现) Feudalization in EU. No political unity, no central gov. Wars and invasions(1066, Crusades) Only organization: Catholic church Church gained power and influence Suppress scientists (“heretic”): Inquization (the Dark Age) Everyone was a believer: Age of Faith Birth of many nations: England
24、, France, Spain,Crusaders,Cause: Jerusalem fell to pagans killing Christian pilgrims Times: 12 crusades, 200 years Effect: East-West contact rise of monarchy materialism international trade development learning revived,Renaissance,Time: 14th C mid-17th C. (Eng. Revo.) Origin: Italy, spread to all Eu
25、. Means: revival of interest in R. & G. culture Ideology: humanism Bourgeois in nature Prodigious development in sci. and tech. National languages Absolute authority of Catholic: shaken Giants appeared,Different emphasis,Italy: art France: literature England: philosophy, drama Germany: religion,Char
26、acteristics,Spread of Humanism Return to classical values Beginning of objective sci. inquiry Flourish of literature and art Geographic discoveries,Humanism,A philosophy to assert greatness of man: physical beauty + power of reason A movement to restore human value of ancient classics as opposed to
27、scholasticism 经院哲学of the M. Ages. Bourgeois in nature, against feudalism, paving the way for the rising capitalism,Religious Revolution,A 16th C. religious, social, political movement Aim: to oppose absolute authority of Roman Catholic church and replace it with the authority of the Bible Disputes:
28、(1) who is the supreme authority, the Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals communicate directly with God? (indulgences) Beginning: M. Luthers 95 theses (Wittengerg威登堡church) Result: split of church,Reformers practice,Translate Bible into vernaculars Simplify church rituals Abolishing indulgences 赎罪券
29、 Reform church Oppose church interference with naitonal eco. And politics Peasant war,Martin Luther,Founder of Protestant Church 95 theses Against indulgences Started religious reform which extended to eco and poli. liberation from church control Translate Bible into German vernacular Fighter for de
30、mocracy and nationalism Ideal of equality,Split of Christianity,395 A.D.: Roman Empire- West and East 476: W.RE ended 1054: Catholic R. Catholic & Orthodox 1453: end of E.RE (Byzantium) 1520s: R. Catholic Catholic & Protestant (Calvinism瑞, Huguenot法, Presbyterianism苏, Anglican英, etc.) After 1620: Qu
31、acker, Methodism美, etc.),Reformation in England,Focus: Pope vs. King (Germany: church vs. Bible) J. Knox established Presbyterian church Wycliffe translated English Bible Herry VIII broke with Pope (on marriage) Act of supremacy of 1534 Closing monasteries and seizing land,Counter Reformation,Spain
32、became the base of church reform, establishment of Inquization Council of Trent: stressing Catholic orthodoxy Jesuits: conservative Catholic advocates who helped to win much of Germany, Poland, Hungary, etc. (still alive today),Protestantism and Capitalism,Roman Catholic church weakened Denomination
33、s flourished Protestantism Liberation of ideas: imagination, creation Formation of many nation-states National languages: popular Sci, trade, commerce Inventions and discoveries Obedience gave way to quest, challenge and freedom,Geographic Discoveries,By 1600, surface of the known earth doubled Colu
34、mbus(热那亚人,西班牙): N. World (Oct. 12, 1492) (比较:郑和,14051433年7次下西洋) Diaz (葡萄牙):Cape of Good Hope (1487) Da Gama (葡萄牙): Route to India via Good Hope (1497) Amerigo (意大利,亚美利哥维斯普契):亚美利加洲 Magellan, Firdinand(麦哲伦,葡萄牙):sailing around the globe (1522),Science in 17th C.,Ptolemy 托勒密(2nd C. AD.):地心说 Copernicus:
35、heliocentric hypothesis 日心说 Kepler: 3 Keplers laws- lend support to Copernicus Hypothesis Galileo: invented astronomical telescope, proved heliocentric theory by observation, the law of inertia, the principle of lever, the law of falling bodies. Sir Isaac Newton: the law of universal gravitation (Na
36、ture is governed by laws),Alexander Pope (蒲伯) wrote: “Nature and Natures laws hid in night, God said, Let Newton be, and all was light.” 宇宙法则,冥冥之中, 主曰:“顿来”,万物皆明。,社会契约论(民约论),Hobbes: Natural state of war: 狼多肉少 Laws of Nature: the rule of reason passion war and anarchy reason cooperation and peace 3. S
37、ocial contract: Every person gives up his or her rights to one man (sovereign) by “an agreement”; Powers of sovereign is absolute; Rebellion is wrong; Peace is achieved. 实质:support of monarchy 意义:against “divine right of kings.” 君权神授,J. Locke,Against divine right of kings All men are naturally free
38、and equal in the state of nature (natural rights: survival, self-defense, private properties). Natural law means universally obligatory moral law, governed by reason. Social contract: Will of the mojority; The ruler of government is one partner of the agreement; Rebellion is justified; Support of de
39、mocracy; 意义:theory for Am. Revolution,English Revolution,causes: growth of capitalism; Breakdown of serfdom; Puritan movement Time: 1642-1649 (Charles I beheaded; Stuart ended) Leader: Oliver Cromwell 克伦威尔 Charles II. Restoration: 1658 1688: Glorious Revolution (William & Mary),Glorious Revolution o
40、f 1688,1689:Bill of Rights: established supremacy of Parliament (constitutional monarchy) legislature: parliament Taxation: parliament Military: no standing army for king Religion: no Roman Catholic can be a king.,Enlightenment,An intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18
41、th C. 特点:using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, unexamined authority, and oppression of church or state Age of Reason 先驱: 1. J. Locke: materialist theory (知识来源于经验,人脑可以认识世界) 2. I. Newton: law of universal gravitation (自然是由法则支配的,法则可以被人认识) Belief in: natural law, universal order, human reas
42、on Prominent figures: 伏尔泰,孟德斯鸠,狄德罗,卢梭 French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and ideas,Influences in Various Aspects,Politics: rationalization of gov. and law (separation of powers) Social contact vs. divine right of kings Ideology: freedom, equality and fraternity vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci
43、. vs prejudice & ignorance Philosophy: materialism vs. scholasticism Religion: Deism vs. Christianity Art & L.: decorum (规范) Economy: laissezfaire vs. state interference (feudal bondage),Historical Context,1700-1750: peaceful After 1750: full of ideological, political, social and economic revolution
44、s 1776: American Rev. Declaration of Independence 1789: French Rev. Declaration of Rights of Man 1760-1840: English Industrial Rev. Result: growth of modern capitalism,Romanticism (18-19th C),Individual freedom and aspirations; Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous; Giving impetus to nat
45、ional movement; Direct contact with Nature for inspiration; Pure sentiment, ideal beauty In search for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural; Eulogizing idyllic life; Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization; Return to nature and childlike innocence; Youth and love.,Beginning: Rousseau; Stor
46、m and Stress (德国狂飚突进运动) Corruption of capitalist society Pollution of nature after Industrial Revolution Criticism of classicism: failing to express mans emotional nature and overlooking mans profound inner force.,Active and Passive Romanticism,1. Passive Romanticists: Representative: The Lakers Wor
47、dsworth 沃兹华斯 Coleridge 科勒律治 Southey:骚塞 Characteristics: Return to nature Unrelated to national liberation movements.,2. Active Romanticists: Representatives: Byron Shelley Keats Characteristics: Showing sympathy to national liberation movements, active participation,Transcendentalism 超验主义,American R
48、omanticism: Representatives: The Walton Amerson 爱莫生 Thoureau 梭罗,“For standing on the Persians grave; I could not deem myself a slave.” - Byron: “Isles of Greece” 脚踩波斯人的坟地; 就不能想象自己是奴隶。 因为屹立在波斯人坟上; 不能想象自己有奴隶相。,Realism (19th C),Focus on fidelity to actual experience (reality); Truthful representation o
49、f contemporary life; To expose and criticize social evils; Characterization as center of novel.,Musical Enlightenment,By early 18th C., music was completely rationalized; Representatives: Bach, Handel General basis of their work is counterpoint, which is based on physical laws; Scientific principles of music composition; Standardized styles: opera, sonata, concerto, cantata, etc.,Music in classical period,Representatives: Haydn, Mozart; 特点: The new science of aesthetics reached independent statu
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