兰大化学专业英语.ppt
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1、1,化合物的英文命名,2,一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds) 1 元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。,3,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIA Be Beryllium Mg Magnesium Ca Calcium
2、Sr Strontium Ba Barium Ra Radium,4,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0 He Helium O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phos
3、phorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,5,Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold,6,2 化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-,(2)di -,(3)tri- ,(4)tetra ,
4、(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-, (8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,7,Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single valence ions Cations name = Element for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium,8,2.Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element
5、(N) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),9,对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。 如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) o
6、xide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide,10,Naming nonmetal ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O= Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S= Sulfide H- Hydride,11,2. Polyatomic oxyanions,(1). Acid radicals for norm
7、al salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,12,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phos
8、phite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite,13,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,14,(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name = Per-central Elements root -ate for exampl
9、e: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate,15,Naming compounds,1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide for example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,16,2. Nonmetal oxide,Nonme
10、tal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,17,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia
11、以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 (1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride (2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine 举例: PH3: phosphin
12、e或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane,18,无氧酸,命名规则:hydro-词根-ic acid 举例: HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid,19,3. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxide for example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide C
13、a(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,20,4.盐(Salts),(1). 正盐(Normal salt) :根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypoch
14、lorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate,21,(2) 酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfa
15、te NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,22,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion for example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,23,(4).复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt = Cation + cation +
16、anion for example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonate NaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,24,5)水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate 如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water
17、或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,25,5. Acids (1). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide),Acid = Central elements root -ic + acid for example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid
18、 HCl Hydrochloric acid,26,(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite) Acid = Central elements root -ous + acid for example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,27,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。
19、 高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代 举例: HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric aci
20、d H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,28,命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。 KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)
21、2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名(Naming coordination complex),29,Naming coordination complex,1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -o for example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO3= Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= O
22、xo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,30,(2). Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand = Radical name for example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,31,2. Complex ions,(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(
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